Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Coronary Artery Disease in HIV-Infected Patients: ClinicalPresentation,Pathophysiology, Prognosis,Prevention,and Treatment

  • Chapter
Cardiovascular Disease in AIDS

  • 457 Accesses

Abstract

The advent of new antiretroviral agents has dramatically reduced mortality and HIVassociated morbidity. In the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, longterm side effects have been reported such as severe metabolic disorders and related acute cardiovascular complications including myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, and stroke. Prevention and therapeutics for cardiovascular complications in HIV-infected patients are a new and emerging challenge for physicians involved in HIV infection care because of the prolongation of survival and long-term complications of HAART. In the present overview, we discuss the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, prognosis, prevention, and treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) in HIV-infected patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Klein D, Hurley LB, Quesenberry CP J, Sidney S (2002) Do protease inhibitors increase the risk for coronary heart disease in patients with HIV-1 infection? J Acquir Immune Defic Synd 30:471–477

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Mary-Krause M, Cotte L, Simon A, Partisani M, Costagliola D and the Clinical Epidemiology Group from the French Hospital Database (2003) Increased risk of myocardial infarction with duration of protease inhibitor therapy in HIV-infected men. AIDS 17:2479–2486

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Friis-Moller N, Sabin CA, Weber R et al (2003) Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD) Study Group. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 349:1993–2003

    Google Scholar 

  4. Holmberg SD, Hamburger ME, Moorman AC et al (2002) HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) investigators: protease inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HIV-1. Lancet 360:1747–1748

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bozzette SA, Ake CF, Tam HK et al (2003) Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients treated for human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 348:702–710

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Henry K, Melroe H, Huebsch J et al (1998) Severe premature coronary artery disease with protease inhibitors. Lancet 351:1328

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Berhens G, Schmidt H, Meyer D et al (1998) Vascular complications associated with use of HIV protease inhibitors. Lancet 351:1958

    Google Scholar 

  8. Gallet B, Pulik M, Genet P et al (1998) Vascular complications associated with use of HIV protease inhibitors. Lancet 351:1958–1959

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Vittecoq D, Escaut L, Monsuez JJ (1998) Vascular complications associated with use of HIV protease inhibitors. Lancet 351:1959

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Jutte A, Schwenk A, Franzen C et al (1999) Increasing morbidity from myocardial infarction during HIV protease inhibitor treatment? AIDS 13:1796–1797

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rickerts V, Brodt H-R, Staszewski S, Stille W (2000) Incidence of myocardial infarction in HIVinfected patients between 1983 and 1998: the Frankfurt HIV-cohort study. Eur J Med Res 5:329–333

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Duong M, Cottin Y, Piroth L et al (2002) Exercise stress testing for detection of silent myocardial ischemia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 34:523–528

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Boccara F, Ederhy S, Janower S et al (2005) Clinical characteristics and mid-term prognosis of acute coronary syndrome in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 6:240–244

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Friis-Moller N, Reiss P, Sabin CA et al; DAD Study Group,(2007) Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 356:1723–1735

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bergersen BM, Sandvik L, Bruun JN, Tonstad S (2004) Elevated Framingham risk score in HIVpositive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: results from a Norwegian study of 721 subjects. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 23:625–630

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Neumann T, Woiwod T, Neumann A et al (2004) Cardiovascular risk factors and probability for cardiovascular events in HIV-infected patients, part III: age differences. Eur J Med Res 9:267–272

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hadigan C, Meigs JB, Wilson PW et al (2003) Prediction of coronary heart disease risk in HIV-infected patients with fat redistribution. Clin Infect Dis 36:909–916

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Knobel H, Jerico C, Montero M et al (2007) Global cardiovascular risk in patients with HIV infection: concordance and differences in estimates according to three risk equations (Framingham, SCORE, and PROCAM). AIDS Patient Care STDS 21:452–457

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Saves M, Chene G, Ducimetiere P et al (2003) French WHO MONICA Project and the APROCO (ANRS EP11) Study Group: risk factors for coronary heart disease in patients treated for human immunodeficiency virus infection compared with the general population. Clin Infect Dis 37:292–298

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Glass TR, Ungsedhapand C, Wolbers M et al; Swiss HIV Cohort Study (2006) Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients over time: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. HIV Med. 7:404–410

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Sterne JA, May M, Bucher HC et al; Swiss HIV Cohort (2007) HAART and the heart: changes in coronary risk factors and implications for coronary risk in men starting antiretroviral therapy. J Intern Med 261:255–267

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bergersen BM (2006) Cardiovascular risk in patients with HIV Infection: impact of antiretroviral therapy. Drugs 66:1971–1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Grinspoon S, Carr A (2005) Cardiovascular risk and body-fat abnormalities in HIV-infected adults. N Engl J Med 352:48–62

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sudano I, Spieker LE, Noll G et al (2006) Cardiovascular disease in HIV infection. Am Heart J 151:1147–1155

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK (2007) Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2506–2512

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Carr A, Samaras K, Thorisdottir A et al (1999) Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1 protease-inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Lancet 353:2093–2099

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Piériard D, Telenti A, Sudre P et al (1999) Atherogenic dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals treated with protease inhibitors: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Circulation 100:700–705

    Google Scholar 

  28. Fichtenbaum CJ, Gerber JG, Rosenkranz SL et al (2002) NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Pharmacokinetic interactions between protease inhibitors and statins in HIV seronegative volunteers: ACTG Study A5047. AIDS 16:569–577

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dube MP, Stein JH, Aberg JA et al; Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group Cardiovascular Subcommittee (2003) Guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy: recommendations of the HIV Medical Association of the Infectious Disease Society of America and the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Clin Infect Dis 37:613–627

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Stein JH, Merwood MA, Bellehumeur JL et al (2004) Effects of pravastatin on lipoproteins and endothelial function in patients receiving human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors. Am Heart J 147:713

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Asztalos BF, Schaefer EJ, Horvath KV et al (2006) Protease inhibitor-based HAART, HDL, and CHDrisk in HIV-infected patients. Atherosclerosis 184:72–77

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Grinspoon SK (2005) Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Med 118(Suppl 2):23S–28S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Khan NA, Di Cello F, Nath A, Kim KS (2003) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-mediated cytotoxicity of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Neurovirol 9:584–593

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Schecter AD, Berman AB, Yi L, Mosoian A et al (2001) HIV envelope gp120 activates human arterial smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98:10142–10147

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Coll B, Parra S, Alonso-Villaverde C et al (2006) HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy have higher rates of carotid atherosclerosis: the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Cytokine 34:51–55

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. de Larranaga GF, Petroni A, Deluchi G et al (2003) Viral load and disease progression as responsible for endothelial activation and/or injury in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 14:15–18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Fisher SD, Miller TL, Lipshultz SE (2006) Impact of HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy on leukocyte adhesion molecules, arterial inflammation, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 185:1–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Stein JH, Klein MA, Bellehumeur JL et al (2001) Use of human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitors is associated with atherogenic lipoprotein changes and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 104:257–262

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hulgan T, Morrow J, D’Aquila RT et al (2003) Oxidant stress is increased during treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 37:1711–1717

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. de Gaetano Donati K, Rabagliati R, Iacoviello L, Cauda R (2004) HIV infection, HAART, and endothelial adhesion molecules: current perspectives. Lancet Infect Dis 4:213–222

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Wu RF, Gu Y, Xu YC et al (2004) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat regulates endothelial cell actin cytoskeletal dynamics through PAK1 activation and oxidant production. J Virol 78:779–789

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Hsue PY, Hunt PW, Sinclair E et al (2006) Increased carotid intima-media thickness in HIV patients is associated with increased cytomegalovirusspecific T-cell responses. AIDS 20:2275–2283

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Zandman-Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y (2002) HIV and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 1:329–337

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Karmochkine M, Ankri A, Calvez V et al (1998) Plasma hypercoagulability is correlated to plasma HIV load. Thromb Haemost 80:208–209

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Escaut L, Monsuez JJ, Chironi G et al (2003) Coronary artery disease in HIV infected patients. Intensive Care Med 29:969–973

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. David MH, Hornung R, Fichtenbaum CJ (2002) Ischemic cardiovascular disease in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 34:98–102

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Barbaro G, Barbarini G, Pellicelli AM (2001) HIV associated coronary arteritis in a patient with fatal myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 344:1799–1800

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Tabib A, Leroux C, Mornex JF, Loire R (2000) Accelerated coronary atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis in young human-immunodeficiencyviruspositive patients. Coron Artery Dis 11:41–46

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hsue PY, Lo JC, Franklin A et al (2004) Progression of atherosclerosis as assessed by carotid intimamedia thickness in patients with HIV infection. Circulation 109:1603–1608

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mercie P, Thiebaut R, Lavignolle V et al (2002) Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors in HIV-1 infected patients using carotid intima-media thickness measurement. Ann Med 34:55–63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Depairon M, Chessex S, Sudre P et al (2001) Premature atherosclerosis in HIV-infected individuals: focus on protease inhibitor therapy. AIDS 15:329–334

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Maggi P, Serio G, Epifani G et al (2000) Premature lesions of the carotid vessels in HIV-1-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors. AIDS 14:F123–128

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Seminari E, Pan A, Voltini G et al (2002) Assessment of atherosclerosis using carotid ultrasonography in a cohort of HIV-positive patients treated with protease inhibitors. Atherosclerosis 162:433–438

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Jerico C, Knobel H, Calvo N et al (2006) Subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients: role of combination antiretroviral therapy. Stroke 37:812–817

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. de Saint Martin L, Vandhuick O, Guillo P et al (2006) Premature atherosclerosis in HIV positive patients and cumulated time of exposure to antiretroviral therapy (SHIVA study). Atherosclerosis 185:361–367

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Mangili A, Gerrior J, Tang AM et al (2006) Risk of cardiovascular disease in a cohort of HIV-infected adults: a study using carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery calcium score. Clin Infect Dis 43:1482–1489

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Matetzky S, Domingo M, Kar S et al (2003) Acute myocardial infarction in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Arch Intern Med 163:457–460

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hsue PY, Giri K, Erickson S et al (2004) Clinical features of acute coronary syndromes in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Circulation 109:316–319

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ambrose JA, Gould RB, Kurian DC et al (2003) Frequency of and outcome of acute coronary syndromes in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Cardiol 92:301–303

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Varriale P, Saravi G, Hernandez E, Carbon F (2004) Acute myocardial infarction in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am Heart J 147:55–59

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Boccara F, Teiger E, Cohen A et al (2006) Percutaneous coronary intervention in HIV infected patients: immediate results and long term prognosis. Heart 92:543–544

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Boccara F, Mary-Krause M, Teiger E et al (2007) Clinical and angiographic features of acute coronary syndromes in HIV-infected compared with non-HIV-infected patients. 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infectious, Los Angeles, Feb 2007, Abstract no. 811

    Google Scholar 

  63. Lauer MS (2002) Aspirin for primary prevention of coronary events. N Engl J Med 346:1468–1474

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Preventive services task force (2002) Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events: recommendation and rationale. Ann Intern Med 136:157–160

    Google Scholar 

  65. Wood D, De Backer G, Faergeman O et al (1998) Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice: recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary Prevention. Atherosclerosis 140:199–270

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001) Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adults treatment panel III). JAMA 285:2486–2497

    Google Scholar 

  67. Fichtenbaum CJ, Gerber JG, Rosenkranz SL et al (2002) Pharmacokinetic interactions between protease inhibitors and statins in HIV seronegative volunteers: ACTG Study A5047. AIDS 16:569–577

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Benesic A, Zilly M, Kluge F et al (2004) Lipid lowering therapy with fluvastatin and pravastatin in patients with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy: comparison of efficacy and interaction with indinavir. Infection 32:229–333

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Calza L, Colangeli V, Manfredi R et al (2005) Rosuvastatin for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitors: a pilot study. AIDS 19:1103–1105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Palacios R, Santos J, Gonzalez M et al (2002) Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia associated with antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 30:536–537

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F (2002) Use of fibrates in the management of hyperlipidemia in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART. Infection 30:26–31

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Dube MP, Wu JW, Aberg JA et al; AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5148 Study Team (2006) Safety and efficacy of extended-release niacin for the treatment of dyslipidaemia in patients with HIV infection: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5148. Antivir Ther 11:1081–1089

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Negredo E, Molto J, Puig J et al (2006) Ezetimibe, a promising lipid-lowering agent for the treatment of dyslipidaemia in HIV-infected patients with poor response to statins. AIDS 20:2159–2164

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Van der Valk M, Kastelein JJ, Murphy RL et al (2001) Nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected patients results in an antiatherogenic lipid profile. AIDS 15:2407–2414

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Negredo E, Ribalta J, Paredes R et al (2002) Reversal of atherogenic lipoprotein profile in HIV-1 infected patients with lipodystrophy after replacing protease inhibitors by nevirapine. AIDS 16:1383–1389

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Parienti JJ, Massari V, Rey D et al; SIROCCO study team (2007) Efavirenz to nevirapine switch in HIV-1-infected patients with dyslipidemia: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Infect Dis 45:263–266

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Mobius U, Lubach-Ruitman M, Castro-Frenzel B et al (2005) Switching to atazanavir improves metabolic disorders in antiretroviral-experienced patients with severe hyperlipidemia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 39:174–180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Llibre JM, Domingo P, Palacios R et al; Lipo-Rec Study Group (2006) Sustained improvement of dyslipidaemia in HAART-treated patients replacing stavudine with tenofovir. AIDS 20:1407–1414

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Niaura R, Shadel WG, Morrow K et al (2000) Human immunodeficiency virus infection, AIDS, and smoking cessation: the time is now. Clin Infect Dis 31:808–812

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Louie JK, Hsu LC, Osmond DH et al (2002) Trends in causes of death among persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, San Francisco, 1994–1998. J Infect Dis 186:1023–1027

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Elzi L, Spoerl D, Voggensperger J et al; Swiss HIV Cohort Study (2006) A smoking cessation programme in HIV-infected individuals: a pilot study. Antivir Ther 11:787–1795

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. The Writing Group for the Activity Counseling Trial Research Group (2001) Effects of physical activity counseling in primary care: the Activity Counseling Trial: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 286:677–687

    Google Scholar 

  83. Stewart KJ (2002) Exercise training and the cardiovascular consequences of type 2 diabetes and hypertension: plausible mechanisms for improving cardiovascular health. JAMA 288:1622–1631

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Roubenoff R, Schmitz H, Bairos L et al (2002) Reduction of abdominal obesity in lipodystrophy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection by means of diet and exercise: case report and proof of principle. Clin Infect Dis 34:390–393

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Moyle G, Baldwin C, Phillpot M (2001) Managing metabolic disturbances and lipodystrophy: diet, exercise, and smoking advice. AIDS Read 11:589–592

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Thoni GJ, Fedou C, Brun JF et al (2002) Reduction of fat accumulation and lipid disorders by individualized light aerobic training in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients with lipodystrophy and/or dyslipidemia. Diabetes Metab 28:397–404

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Barbaro G, Fisher SD, Lipshultz SE (2001) Pathogenesis of HIV-associated cardiovascular complications. Lancet Infect Dis 1:115–124

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Lewis W (2001) AIDS cardiomyopathy: physiological, molecular, and biochemical studies in the transgenic mouse. Ann N Y Acad Sci 946:46–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Nakai K, Itoh C, Nakai K et al (2001) Correlation between C677T MTHFR gene polymorphism, plasma homocysteine levels and the incidence of CAD. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 1:353–361

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Vilaseca MA, Sierra C, Colome C et al (2001) Hyperhomocysteinaemia and folate deficiency in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Eur J Clin Invest 31:992–998

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Cohn JE (2001) Homocysteine, HIV, and heart disease. AIDS Treat News 370:5–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Bernasconi E, Uhr M, Magenta L et al (2001) Swiss HIV Cohort Study: homocysteinaemia in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 15:1081–1082

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Dube MP (2003) Disorders of glucose metabolism in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 31:1467–1475

    Google Scholar 

  94. Walli R, Herfort O, Michl GM et al (1998) Treatment with protease inhibitors associated with peripheral insulin resistance and impaired oral glucose tolerance in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 12:F167–173

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Florescu D, Kotler DP (2007) Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected patients. Antivir Ther 12:149–162

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Carr A, Samaras K, Burton S et al (1998) A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors. AIDS 12(Suppl F):51–58

    Google Scholar 

  97. Mallon PW, Wand H, Law M et al (2005) Buffalo hump seen in HIV-associated lipodystrophy is associated with hyperinsulinemia but not dyslipidemia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 38:156–162

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Shlay JC, Visnegarwala F, Bartsch G et al (2005) Body composition and metabolic changes in antiretroviralnaïve patients randomised to didanosine and stavudine vs abacavir and lamivudine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 38:147–155

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Guffanti M, Caumo A, Galli L et al (2007) Switching to unboosted atazanavir improves glucose tolerance in highly pretreated HIV-1 infected subjects. European Journal of Endocrinology 156:503–509

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Henry P, Thomas F, Benetos A, Guize L (2002) Impaired fasting glucose, blood pressure and cardiovascular disease mortality. Hypertension 40:458–463

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Hadigan C, Rabe J, Grinspoon S (2002) Sustained benefits of metformin therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with fat redistribution and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4611–4615

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Hadigan C, Corcoran C, Basgoz N et al (2000) Metformin in the treatment of HIV lipodystrophy syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 284:472–477

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Grinspoon S (2007) Use of thiazolidinediones in HIV-infected patients: what have we learned? J Infect Dis 195:1731–1733

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Yki-Jarvinen H, Sutinen J, Silveira A et al (2003) Regulation of plasma PAI-1 concentrations in HAART-associated lipodystrophy during rosiglitazone therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:688–694

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Morse CG, Kovacs JA (2006) Metabolic and skeletal complications of HIV infection: the price of success. JAMA 296:844–854

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Sattler FR, Qian D, Louie S et al (2001) Elevated blood pressure in subjects with lipodystrophy. AIDS 15:2001–2010

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Jung O, Bickel M, Ditting T et al (2004) Hypertension in HIV-1-infected patients and its impact on renal and cardiovascular integrity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:2250–2258

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Crane HM, Van Rompaey SE, Kitahata MM (2006) Antiretroviral medications associated with elevated blood pressure among patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 20:1019–1026

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee (2003) The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 289:2560–2572

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Hamm CW, Bertrand M, Braunwald E (2001) Acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation: implementation of new guidelines. Lancet 358:1533–1538

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW et al (2004) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 44:671–719

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Volberding PA, Murphy RL, Barbaro G et al (2003) The Pavia consensus statement. AIDS 17(Suppl 1):S170–S179

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Trachiotis GD, Alexander EP, Benator D, Gharagozloo F (2003) Cardiac surgery in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Thorac Surg 76:1114–1118

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL (2002) Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 347:284–287

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Morgan JA, Bisleri G, Mancini DM (2003) Cardiac transplantation in an HIV-1-infected patient. N Engl J Med 349:1388–1389

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Bisleri G, Morgan JA, Deng MC et al (2003) Should HIV-positive recipients undergo heart transplantation? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126:1639–1640

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Antoine, Paris, France

    F. Boccara, C. Meuleman, S. Ederhy, S. Lang, S. Janower, A. Cohen & F. Raoux

Authors
  1. F. Boccara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Meuleman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. Ederhy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. Lang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. Janower
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. Cohen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. F. Raoux
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Pathophysiology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Giuseppe Barbaro

  2. Department of Cardiology Saint Antoine University Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France

    Franck Boccara

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Boccara, F. et al. (2009). Coronary Artery Disease in HIV-Infected Patients: ClinicalPresentation,Pathophysiology, Prognosis,Prevention,and Treatment. In: Barbaro, G., Boccara, F. (eds) Cardiovascular Disease in AIDS. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0761-1_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0761-1_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0760-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0761-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation