Abstract
Earth environment with all its good and bad effects is maintained and disturbed by the interplay between plants and animals. Plants could be silent indicators of healthy or stressful environment in and around themselves through varied morphological manifestations. Environmental stress may be abiotic or biotic. Morphological manifestations of plant’s response to any kind of stress may be organ specific or integrative. Among different angiospermic plant organs, leaf (source organ) and fruit (sink organ) micromorphological responses to stress are found to be more dramatic and critical. Along with these, other plant organs like stem, root, flower, etc. also manifest micromorphological changes in response to various environmental stresses. They are certainly being the direct outcome of internal mechanistic alterations of plants to combat stressful environment. Understanding of this organ architecture is the first and foremost step towards unveiling the underlying controlling factors.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ager FJ, Ynsa MD, Dominguez-Solis JR, Lopez-Martin MC, Gotor C, Romero LC (2003) Nuclear micro-probe analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Nucl Inst Methods Phys Res B 210:401–406
Ahmed FE, Hall AE, DeMason DA (1992) Heat injury during floral development in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Am J Bot 79:784–791
Akhtar J, Gorham J, Qureshi RH (1998) Does tolerance of wheat to salinity and hypoxia correlate with root dehydrogenase activities or aerenchyma formation? Plant Soil 201:275–284
Andrade LR, Farina M, Amado Filho GM (2004) Effects of copper on Enteromorpha flexuosa (Chlorophyta) in vitro. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 58:117–125
André O, Vollenweider P, Günthardt-George MS (2006) Foliage response to heavy metal contamination in Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). For Snow Landsc Res 80(3):275–288
Arduini I, Godbold DL, Onnis A (1995) Influence of copper on root growth and morphology of Pinus pinea L. and Pinus pinaster Ait. seedlings. Tree Physiol 15:411–415
Arena C, Vitale L, De Santo VA (2008) Paraheliotropism in Robinia pseudoacacia L.: an efficient strategy to optimise photosynthetic performance under natural environmental conditions. Plant Biol 10:194–201
Aronne G, De Micco V (2001) Seasonal dimorphism in the Mediterranean Cistus incanus L. subsp. incanus. Ann Bot 87(6):789–794
Ashraf M, Tufail M (1995) Variation in salinity tolerance in sunflower (Heliunthus annuus L.). J Agron Crop Sci 174:351–362
Azmat R, Haider S, Nasreen H, Aziz F, Riaz M (2009) A viable alternative mechanism in adapting the plants to heavy metal environment. Pak J Bot 416:2729–2738
Balk J, Leaver CJ (2001) The PETI-CMS mitochondrial mutation in sunflower is associated with premature programmed cell death and cytochrome c release. Plant Cell 13:1803–1818
Barcelo J, Vazquez MD, Poschenrieder C (1988) Cadmium induced structural and ultrastructural changes in the vascular system of bush bean stems. Bot Acta 101:254–261
Bondada BR, Keller M (2012) Not all shrivels are created equal – morpho-anatomical AND compositional characteristics differ AMONG different shrivel types that develop during ripening OF grape (Vitis VINIFERA L.) berries. Am J Plant Sci 3(7):879–898
Bussotti F, Bottaci A, Bartolesi A, Grossoni P, Tani C (1995) Morpho-anatomical alterations in leaves collected from beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) in conditions of natural water stress. Environ Exp Bot 35(2):201–213
Carlquist S (1975) Ecological strategies of xylem evolution. University of California Press, Berkeley
Carlsson J, Leino M, Sohlberg J, Sundström JF, Glimelius K (2008) Mitochondrial regulation of flower development. Mitochondrion 8:74–86
Çavuşoğlu K, Kiliç S, Kabar K (2007) Some morphological and anatomical observations during alleviation of salinity (NaCl) stress on seed germination and seedling growth of barley by polyamines. Acta Physiol Plant 29:551–557
Çavuşoğlu K, Kiliç S, Kabar K (2008) Effects of some plant growth regulators on leaf anatomy of radish seedlings grown under saline conditions. J Appl Biol Sci 2:47–50
Clarke HJ, Siddique KHM (2004) Response of chickpea genotypes to low temperature stress during reproductive development. Field Crop Res 90(2–3):323–334
Conley CA, Hanson MR (1994) Tissue specific protein expression in plant mitochondria. Plant Cell 6:85–91
Cynthla JMK, Bong YY, Seabrook JEA (1990) Stigma of Solanum tuberosum cv shepody: morphology, ultrastructure, and secretion. Am J Bot 77:1111–1124
De Micco V, Aronne G (2007) Anatomical features, monomer lignin composition and accumulation of phenolics in one-year-old branches of the Mediterranean Cistus ladanifer L. Bot J Linn Soc 155:361–371
De Micco V, Aronne G (2012) Morpho-anatomical traits for plant adaptation to drought. In: Aroca R (ed) Plant responses to drought stress. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg
Devasirvatham V, Gaur PM, Mallikarjuna N, Tokachichu RN, Trethowan RM, Tan DKY (2012) Effect of high temperature on the reproductive development of chickpea genotypes under controlled environments. Funct Plant Biol 39(12):1009–1018
Dixon M, Le Thiec D, Garrec JP (1997) An investigation into the effects of ozone and drought, applied singly and in combination on the quantity and quality of the epicuticular wax of Norway spruce. Plant Physiol Biochem 35(6):447–454
Djibril S, Mohamed OK, Diaga D, Diégane D, Abaye BF, Maurice S, Alain B (2005) Growth and development of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seedlings under drought and salinity stresses. Afr J Biotechnol 4:968–972
Dumas C, Knox RB, Gaude T (1984) Pollen-pistil recognition: new concepts from electron microscopy and cytochemistry. Int Rev Cytol 90:239–272
Eissenstat DM (1992) Costs and benefits of constructing roots of small diameter. J Plant Nutr 15:763–782
Endo M, Tsuchiya T, Hamada K, Kawamura S, Yano K, Ohshima M, Higashitani A, Watanabe M, Kawagishi-Kobayashi M (2009) High temperatures cause male sterility in rice plants with transcriptional alterations during pollen development. Plant Cell Physiol 50:1911–1922
Evans LS, Gmur NF, Kelsch JJ (1977) Leaf surface and histological perturbations of leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris and Helianthus annuus after exposure to simulated acid rain. Am J Bot 64:903–913
Fahn A (1964) Some anatomical adaptations in desert plants. Phytomorphology 14:93–102
Field TS, Zwieniecki MA, Donoghue MJ, Holbrook NM (1998) Stomatal plugs of Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) protect leaves from mist but not drought. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:14256–14259
Fornasiero RB (2001) Phytotoxic effects of fluorides. Plant Sci 161(5):979–985
Gan Y, Zhou L, Shen ZJ, Shen ZX, Zhang YQ, Wang GX (2010) Stomatal clustering, a new marker for environmental perception and adaptation in terrestrial plants. Bot Stud 51:325–336
Gielwanowska I, Szczuka E, Bednara J, Górecki R (2005) Anatomical features and ultrastructure of Deschampsia antarctica (Poaceae) leaves from different growing habitats. Ann Bot 96(6):1109–1119
Giovannoni J (2001) Molecular biology of fruit maturation and ripening. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 52:725–749
Gomes MP, Marques TCLLDM, Nogueira MDG et al (2011) Ecophysiological and anatomical changes due to uptake and accumulation of heavy metal in Brachiaria decumbens. Sci Agric 68(5):566–573
Gostin IN (2009) Air pollution effects on the leaf structure of some Fabaceae species. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj-Napoca 37(2):57–63
Hameed M, Ashraf M, Nargis N (2009) Anatomical adaptations to salinity in cogon grass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel] from the Salt Range, Pakistan. Plant Soil 322:229–238
Han FX, Maruthi Sridhar BB, Monts DL, Su Y (2004) Phytoavailability and toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium to Brassica juncea L. Czern. New Phytol 162:489–499
Heslop-Harrison Y (1981) Stigma characteristics and angiosperm I, taxonomy. Nor J Bot 1:401–420
Hollenbach B, Schreiber L, Hartung W, Dietz K-J (1997) Cadmium leads to stimulated expression of the lipid transfer protein genes in barley: implications for the involvement of lipid transfer proteins in wax assembly. Planta 203:9–19
Hoover WS (1986) Stomata and stomatal clusters in Begonia: ecological response in two Mexican species. Biotropica 18:16–21
Hu Y, Fromm J, Schmidhalter U (2005) Effect of salinity on tissue architecture in expanding wheat leaves. Planta 220:838–848
Huang J, Redmann RE (1995) Responses of growth, morphology, and anatomy to salinity and calcium supply in cultivated and wild barley. Can J Bot 73:1859–1866
Hwang YH, Chen SC (1995) Anatomical responses in Kandelia candel (L.) Druce seedlings growing in the presence of different concentrations of NaCl. Bot Bull Acad 36:181–188
Jackson RD (1986) Remote sensing of biotic and abiotic plant stress. Annu Rev Phytopathol 24:265–287
Jaleel CA, Gopi R, Azooz MM, Panneerselvam R (2009a) Leaf anatomical modifications in Catharanthus roseus as affected by plant growth promoters and retardants. Glob J Mol Sci 4(1):01–05
Jaleel CA, Manivannan P, Wahid A, Farooq M, Jasim Al-Juburi H, Somasundaram R, Panneerselvam R (2009b) Drought stress in plants: a review on morphological characteristics and pigments composition. Int J Agric Biol 11:100–105
Jenks MA, Andersen L, Teusink RS, Williams MH (2001) Leaf cuticular waxes of potted rose cultivars as affected by plant development, drought and paclobutrazol treatments. Physiol Plant 112:62–70
Kader AA (2003) Physiology of CA treated produce. Acta Hort 600:349–354
Karimi E, Abdolzadeh A, Sadeghipour HR (2009) Increasing salt tolerance in Olive. Olea europaea L. plants by supplemental potassium nutrition involves changes in ion accumulation and anatomical attributes. Int J Plant Prod 3(4):49–60
Kerstiens G (1996) Cuticular water permeability and its physiological significance. J Exp Bot 47:1813–1832
Kerstiens G (2006) Water transport in plant cuticles: an update. J Exp Bot 57:2493–2499
Khudsar T, Uzzafar M, Iqbal M (2001) Cadmium induced changes in leaf epidermis, photosynthetic rate and pigment concentrations in Cajanus cajan. Biol Plant 44(1):59–64
Kilili AW, Behboudian MH, Mills TM (1996) Postharvest performance of ‘Braeburn’ apples in relation to withholding of irrigation at different stages of the growing season. J Hortic Sci 71(5):693–701
Kinet JM, Peet MM (1997) Tomato. In: Wien HC (ed) The physiology of vegetable crops. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau (CAB) International, Wallingford
Larkin JC, Marks MD, Nadeau J, Sack F (1997) Epidermal cell fate and patterning in leaves. Plant Cell 9:1109–1111
Lens F, Sperry JS, Christman MA, Choat B, Rabaey D, Jansen S (2011) Testing hypotheses that link wood anatomy to cavitation resistance and hydraulic conductivity in the genus Acer. New Phytol 190:709–723
Liu HY, Liao BH, Lu SQ (2004a) Toxicity of surfactant, acid rain and Cd2+ combined pollution to the nucleus of Vicia faba root tip cells. Chin J Appl Ecol 15(3):493–496
Liu HY, Liao BH, Zhou PH, Yu PZ (2004b) Toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and alkylethoxylate to aquatic plants. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 72(4):866–872
Lobell DB, Field CB (2007) Global scale climate-crop yield relationships and the impacts of recent warming. Environ Res Lett 2:004000
Lopez G, Larrigaudière C, Girona J, Behboudian MH, Marsal J (2011) Fruit thinning in ‘conference’ pear grown under deficit irrigation: implications for fruit quality at harvest and after cold storage. Sci Hortic 129(1):64–70
Martin D, Vollenweider P, Gunthardt-Goerg MS (2006) Bioindication of heavy metal contamination in vegetable gardens. For Snow Landsc Res 80(2):169–180
Martinez JP, Silva H, Ledent JF, Pinto M (2007) Effect of drought stress on the osmotic adjustment, cell wall elasticity and cell volume of six cultivars of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Eur J Agron 26:30–38
Maruthi Sridhar BB, Diehl SV, Han FX, Monts DL, Su Y (2005) Anatomical changes due to uptake and accumulation of Zn and Cd in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Environ Exp Bot 54:131–141
Matsuhira H, Shinada H, Yui-Kurino R, Hamato N, Umeda M, Mikami T, Kubo T (2007) An anther-specific lipid transfer protein gene in sugar beet: its expression is strongly reduced in male-sterile plants with Owen cytoplasm. Physiol Plant 129:407–414
Matsui T, Omasa K (2002) Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars tolerant to high temperature at flowering: anther characteristics. Ann Bot 89:683–687
Matsui T, Omasa K, Horie T (1999) Mechanism of anther dehiscence in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Ann Bot 84:501–506
Matsui T, Omasa K, Horie T (2000) High temperature at flowering inhibits swelling of pollen grains, a driving force for thecae dehiscence in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Prod Sci 3:430–434
Melo HC, Castro EM, Soares AM, Melo LA, Alves JD (2007) Anatomical and physiological alterations in Setaria anceps stapf ex Massey and Paspalum paniculatum under water deficit conditions. Hoehnea 34:145–153 (in Portuguese with abstract in English)
Miller SA, Smith GS, Boldingh HL, Johansson A (1998) Effects of water stress on fruit quality attributes of kiwifruit. Ann Bot 81:73–81
Monneveux P, Sánchez C, Beck D, Edmeades GO (2006) Drought tolerance improvement in tropical maize source populations: evidence of progress. Crop Sci 46:180–191
Mostajeran A, Rahimi-Eichi V (2008) Drought stress effects on root anatomical characteristics of rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.). Pak J Biol Sci 11:2173–2183
Murakeozy EP, Nagy Z, Duhaze C, Bouchereau A, Tuba Z (2003) Seasonal changes in the levels of compatible osmolytes in three halophytic species of inland saline vegetation in Hungary. J Plant Physiol 160:395–401
Nam NH, Chauhan YS, Johansen C (2001) Effect of timing of drought stress on growth and grain yield of extra-short-duration pigeonpea lines. J Agric Sci 136:179–189
Naor A, Naschitz S, Peres M, Gal Y (2008) Responses of apple fruit size to tree water status and crop load. Tree Physiol 28:1255–1261
Nawaz T, Hameed M, Ashraf M, Al- Qurainy F, Ahmad MSA, Younis A, Hayat M (2011) Ecological significance of diversity in leaf tissue architecture of some species/cultivars of the genus Rosa L. Pak J Bot 432:873–883
Nishiyama I (1976) Male sterility caused by cooling treatment at the young microspore stage in rice plants. XII. Classification of tapetal hypertrophy on the basis of ultrastructure. Proc Crop Sci Soc Jpn 45:254–262
Noman A, Hameed M, Ali Q, Aqeel M (2012) Foliar tissue architectural diversity among three species of genus Hibiscus for better adaptability under industrial environment. Int J Environ Sci 2(4):2212–2222
North GB, Nobel PS (1992) Drought-induced changes in hydraulic conductivity and structure in roots of Ferocactus acanthodes and Opuntia ficus-indica. New Phytol 120:9–19
North GB, Nobel PS (1995) Hydraulic conductivity of concentric root tissues of Agave deserti Engelm. Under wet and drying conditions. New Phytol 130:47–57
Ola H, Elbar A, Reham FE, Eisa SS, Habib SA (2012) Morpho-anatomical changes in salt stressed Kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca L. Kunth). Res J Agric Biol Sci 8(2):158–166
Olmos E, Kiddle G, Pellny TK, Kumar S, Foyer CH (2006) Modulation of plant morphology, root architecture, and cell structure by low vitamin C in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 57(8):1645–1655
Ozores-Hampton M, McAvoy G (2010) What causes blossom drop in tomatoes? Tomato Mag 14(4):4–5
Pal A, Kulshreshtha K, Ahmed KJ, Behl HM (2002) Do leaf surface characters play a role in plant resistance to auto-exhaust pollution? Flora 197(1):47–55
Pasternak T, Rudas V, Potters G, Jansen MAK (2005) Morphogenic effects of abiotic stress: reorientation of growth in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Environ Exp Bot 53(3):299–314
Peet MM, Sato S, Gardner RG (1998) Comparing heat stress effects on male-fertile and male-sterile tomatoes. Plant Cell Environ 21:225–231
Peña-Valdivia CB, Sánchez-Urdaneta AB, Meza Rangel J, Juárez Muñoz J, García-Nava R, Celis Velázquez R (2010) Anatomical root variations in response to water deficit: wild and domesticated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Biol Res 43:417–427
Prasad TK (1996) Mechanism of chilling induced oxidative stress injury and tolerance in developing maize seedlings: changes in antioxidant system, oxidation of proteins and lipids, and protease activities. Plant J 10:1017–1026
Pressman E, Peet MM, Pharr DM (2002) The effect of heat stress on tomato pollen characteristics is associated with changes in carbohydrate concentration in the developing anthers. Ann Bot 90:631–636
Probst A, Liu H, Fanjul M, Liao B, Hollande E (2009) Response of Vicia faba L. to metal toxicity on mine tailing substrate: Geochemical and morphological changes in leaf and root. Environ Exp Bot 66:297–308
Rani V, Ansari MW, Shukla A et al (2013) Fused lobed anther and hooked stigma affect pollination, fertilization and fruit set in mango: A scanning electron microscopy study. Plant Signal Behav 8(3)
Reader RJ, Jalili A, Grime JP, Spencer RE, Matthews NN (1993) A comparative-study of plasticity in seedling rooting depth in drying soil. J Ecol 81:543–550
Reddy AR, Chaitanya KV, Vivekanandan M (2004) Drought induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. J Plant Physiol 161:1189–1202
Reinhardt DH, Rost TL (1995) Developmental changes of cotton root primary tissues induced by salinity. Int J Plant Sci 156:505–513
Reinoso H, Sosa L, Ramírez L (2004) Salt-induced changes in the vegetative anatomy of Prosopis strombulifera (Leguminosae). Can J Bot 82:618–628
Rennenberg H, Herschbach C, Polle A (1996) Consequences of air pollution on shoot-root interactions. J Plant Physiol 148:269–301
Riederer M, Müller C (eds) (2005) Biology of the plant cuticle. Blackwell, Oxford
Riederer M, Schreiber L (2001) Effects of environmental factors on the water permeability of plant cuticles. J Exp Bot 52:2023–2033
Robards AWV, Clarkson DT, Sanderson J (1979) Structure and permeability of the epidermal/hypodermal layers of the sand sedge (Carex arenaria L.). Protoplasma 101:331–347
Rodríguez-Serrano M, Romero-Puertas MC, Pazmiño DM, Testillano PS, Risueño MC, del Río LA, Sandalio LM (2009) Cellular responses of pea plants to cadmium toxicity: cross talk between reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and calcium. Plant Physiol 150:229–243
Sacks MM, Silk WK, Burman P (1997) Effect of water stress on cortical cell division rates within the apical meristem of primary roots of maize. Plant Physiol 114:519–527
Sahi SV, Sharma NC (2005) Phytoremediation of lead. In: Shtangeeva I (ed) Trace and ultratrace elements in plants and soils, series advances in ecological researches. Witpress, Southampton/Boston
Sakata T, Higashitani A (2008) Male sterility accompanied with abnormal anther development in plants – genes and environmental stresses with special reference to high temperature injury. Int J Plant Dev Biol 2:42–51
Salem MA, Kakani VG, Koti S, Reddy KR (2007) Pollen-based screening of soybean genotypes for high temperatures. Crop Sci 47:219–231
Sant’Anna-Santos BF, da Silva LC, Azevedo AA, Aguiar R (2006) Effects of simulated acid rain on leaf anatomy and micromorphology of Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae). Braz Arch Biol Technol 49(2):313–321
Sarret G, Vangronsveld J, Manceau A, Musso M, Haen J, Menthonnex JJ, Hazemann JL (2001) Accumulation form of Zn and Pb in Phaseolus vulgaris in the presence and absence of EDTA. Environ Sci Technol 35:2854–2859
Schlüter U, Muschak M, Berger D, Altmann T (2003) Photosynthetic performance of an Arabidopsis mutant with elevated stomatal density (sdd1-1) under different light regimes. J Exp Bot 54:867–874
Shah F, Huang J, Cui K, Nei L, Shah T, Chen C, Wang K (2011) Impact of high-temperature stress on rice plant and its traits related to tolerance. J Agric Sci 149:545–556
Shao HB, Chu LY, Jaleel CA, Zhao CX (2008) Water-deficit stress-induced anatomical changes in higher plants. C R Biol 33:215–225
Shepherd T, Griffiths DW (2006) The effects of stress on plant cuticular waxes. New Phytol 171:469–499
Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK, Arora K (2007) Arsenic-induced root growth inhibition in mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) is due to oxidative stress resulting from enhanced lipid peroxidation. Plant Growth Regul 53:65–73
Srivastava LM (2001) Plant growth and development. Academic, San Diego/London
Strogonov BP (1962) Physiological basis of salt tolerance of plants. Israel program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem (translated from Russian)
Tahir MHN, Imran M, Hussain MK (2002) Evaluation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) inbred lines for drought tolerance. Int J Agric Biol 3:398–400
Talukdar D (2012) Modulation of plant growth and leaf biochemical parameters in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) exposed to NaCl treatments. Indian J Fundam Appl Life Sci 2(3):20–28
Talukdar D (2013a) Arsenic-induced oxidative stress in the common bean legume, Phaseolus vulgaris L. seedlings and its amelioration by exogenous nitric oxide. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 19(1):69–79
Talukdar T (2013b) Fruit microcharacters as potential biomarkers of arsenic toxicity in a medicinal herb, Wedelia Chinensis merrill of compositae. Int J Agric Sci Res 3(1):143–150
Talukdar T (2013c) Cypselas diversity of the tribe Cardueae (Asteraceae)-an overview. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken
Tang M, Hu YX, Lin JX, Jin XB (2002) Developmental mechanism and distribution pattern of stomatal clusters in Begonia peltatifolia. Acta Bot Sin 44:384–390
Torbaghan ME, Torbaghan ME, Ahmadi M (2011) The effect of salt stress on flower yield and growth parameters of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in greenhouse condition. Int Res J Agric Sci Soil Sci 1(10):421–427
Vazquez MD, Poschenrieder CH, Barcelo J (1992) Ultrastructural effects and localization of low cadmium concentrations in bean roots. New Phytol 120:215–226
Villasante CO, Rellán-Álvarez R, Campo FFD, Carpena-Ruiz RO, Hernández LE (2005) Cellular damage induced by cadmium and mercury in Medicago sativa. J Exp Bot 56(418):2239–2251
Vitória AP, Da Cunha M, Azevedo RA (2006) Ultrastructural changes of radish leaf exposed to cadmium. Environ Exp Bot 58:47–52
Vollenweider P, Ottiger M, Günthardt-George MS (2003) Validation of leaf ozone symptoms in natural vegetation using microscopical methods. Environ Pollut 124:101–118
Vollenweider P, Cosio C, Günthardt-George MS, Keller C (2006) Localization and effects of cadmium in leaves of a cadmium-tolerant willow (Salix viminalis L.). Part II Microlocalization and cellular effects of cadmium. Environ Exp Bot 58:25–40
Von V, Zabka V, Wuppertal A (2007) The plasticity of barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaf wax characteristics and their effects on early events in the powdery mildew fungus (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei): interactive adaptations at the physiological and the molecular level. Dissertation, University of Würzburg
Walsh GE (1990) Anatomy of the seed and seedling of Spartina alterniflora Lois. (Poaceae). Aquat Bot 38:177–193
Wang YY (2006) Occurrence and characterisation of superoxide dismutases in the female reproductive structures of Petunia. Dissertation, University of Canterbury
Webber M, Barnett J, Finlayson B, Wang M (2006) Pricing China’s irrigation water. Working Paper, School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Wignarajahk D, Jenning H, Handley JF (1975) The effect of salinity on growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L. 1. Anatomical changes in the first trifoliate leaf. Ann Bot 39:1029–1038
Wild A, Schmitt V (1995) Diagnosis of damage to Norway spruce (Picea abies) through biochemical criteria. Physiol Plant 93:375–382
Xu Z, Zhou G (2008) Responses of leaf stomatal density to water status and its relationship with photosynthesis in a grass. J Exp Bot 59:3317–3325
Yujing Z, Yong Z, Zizhi H (2000) Studies on microscopic structure of Puccinellia tenuiflora stem under salinity stress. Grassl China 5:6–9
Zhao XZ, Yang YS, Shen ZX (2006) Stomatal clustering in Cinnamomum camphora. S Afr J Bot 72:565–569
Zinn KE, Tunc-Ozdemir M, Harper JF (2010) Temperature stress and plant sexual reproduction: uncovering the weakest links. J Exp Bot 61(7):1959–1968
Zobel A, Nighswander JE (1991) Accumulation of phenolic compounds in the necrotic areas of Austrian and Red Pine needles after spraying with sulphuric acid: a possible bioindicator of air pollution. New Phytol 117:565–574
Zubko MK, Zubko EI, Ruban AV, Adler K, Mock HP, Misera S, Gleba YY, Grimm B (2001) Extensive developmental and metabolic alterations in cybrids Nicotiana tabacum (+Hyoscyamus niger) are caused by complex nucleo-cytoplasmic incompatibility. Plant J 25:627–639
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Talukdar, T. (2015). Micromorphomics: A Morphological Dissection to Unveil Environmental Stress. In: Barh, D., Khan, M., Davies, E. (eds) PlantOmics: The Omics of Plant Science. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2172-2_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2172-2_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-2171-5
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-2172-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)