Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ecology and Epidemiology of Seed-Transmitted Viruses

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Seed-borne plant virus diseases

Abstract

This chapter describes how knowledge of epidemiology helps in understanding the seed-transmitted virus disease spread and in framing suitable management measures.

Seed infection is epidemiologically important as this is the primary source of inoculum and forms the starting point for the initiation of the disease. The epidemics of the virus diseases in a particular region are the result of complex interactions between various physical, chemical and biological factors, and major epidemics occur when conditions influencing the virus, host and its vector synchronise. The virus disease epidemics depend on the interaction of four components, namely, the pathogen, the vector, the plant and the environment. Among the seed-transmitted viruses, some have limited host range and some others have wide host range. Either annual or perennial or both are affected with virus diseases. Under field conditions, the weed and wild hosts are important as they are the reservoirs for the virus, vector or both. Survival of the virus in the seed for a long period also plays an integral role in virus perpetuation in off seasons. Seed-transmitted viruses are also vector specific, and aphid or beetle or nematodes or fungi play major role in causing epidemics based on the time of emergence, light, humidity, temperature and wind velocity, and abundance of vector population is a significant factor that determines spread of virus diseases both in time and space. Vectors also may have limited host plants or may be polyphagous. The time and number of vectors visiting the crop varies considerably with species over years. Pollen and seed transmission are closely related factors in virus epidemiology. A number of virus diseases spread horizontally through pollen in a number of fruit and vegetable crops. The epidemiology of virus diseases also depends on different pathogen strains which vary in virulence, host range and transmissibility. If the forecasting system is developed against a particular virus disease, it will help to operate an early warning system or to select growing season or areas for crop growing. Examples of how epidemiological information can be used to develop effective integrated disease management strategies for diverse situations are described.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alphey TJW, Boag B (1976) Distribution of Trichodorid nematodes in Great Britain. Ann Appl Biol 84:371–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez M, Campbell RN (1978) Transmission and distribution of squash mosaic virus in seeds of cantaloupe. Phytopathology 68:257–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amari K, Burgos L, Pallas V, Amelia M (2007) Prunus necrotic ring spot virus early invasion and its effect on apricot pollen grain performance. Phytopathology 97:892–899

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amari K, Burgos L, Pallas V, Sanchez – Pina MA (2009) Vertical transmission of Prunus necrotic ring spot virus: hitch – hiking from gametes to seedling. J Gen Virol 90:1767–1774

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anjos JRN, Lin MT (1984) Bud blight of soybeans caused by cowpea severe mosaic virus in Central Brazil. Plant Dis 68:405–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett OW, Murant AF (1970) Host range, properties and purification of raspberry bushy dwarf virus. Ann Appl Biol 65:435–449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett CW (1959) Lychnis ringspot. Phytopathology 49:706–713

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett CW (1969) Seed transmission of plant viruses. Adv Virus Res 14:221–261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett CW, Costa AS (1961) Sowbane mosaic caused by a seed-transmitted virus. Phytopathology 51:546–550

    Google Scholar 

  • Blakeslee AF (1921) A graft infectious disease of datura resembling a vegetative mutation. J Genet 11:17–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bock KR, Guthrie EJ, Figueiredo G, Woods RD (1981) Purification and some properties of Tephrosia symptomless virus. Ann Appl Biol 97:277–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bos L (1981) Wild plants in the ecology of virus diseases. In: Maramorosch K, Harris KF (eds) Plant diseases and vectors: ecology and epidemiology. Academic, New York, pp 1–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadman CH (1965) Filamentous virus infecting fruit stress and raspberry and their possible mode of raspberry and their possible mode of spread. Plant Dis Rep 49:230–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Callahan KL (1957) Prunus host range and pollen transmission of elm mosaic virus. Phytopathology 47:5

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron HP, Milbrath JA, Tate LA (1973) Pollen transmission of prunus ringspot virus in prune and sour cherry orchards. Plant Dis Rep 57:241–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll TW (1974) Barley stripe mosaic virus in sperm and vegetative cells of barley pollen. Virology 60:21–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll TW, Mayhew DE (1976a) Anther and pollen infection in relation to the pollen and seed transmissibility of two strains of barley stripe mosaic virus in barley. Can J Bot 54:1604–1621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll TW, Mayhew DE (1976b) Occurrence of virions in developing ovules and embryo sacs of barley in relation to the seed transmissibility of barley stripe mosaic virus. Can J Bot 54:2497–2512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter W (1962) Insects in relation to plant disease. Inter Science Publishers, New York/London/Sydney, 750 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheremuskina NP (1977) O rasprostranii virusa mozaiki luka samenami. (The spread of onion mosaic virus by seeds Tr. VNII Selektsii Semenovod). Ovoshch Kultur 6:52–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockbain AJ, Bowen R, Etheridge P (1975) Attempts to control the spread of BBSV/EAMB. Rep Rothmsted Exp Sta 1974:235–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole A, Mink GI, Regev S (1982) Location of prunus necrotic ring spot virus on pollen grains from infected almond cherry trees. Phytopathology 72:1542–1545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Converse RH, Lister RM (1969) The occurrence and some properties of black raspberry latent virus. Phytopathology 59:325–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper JI (1971) The distribution in Scotland of tobacco rattle virus and its nematode vectors in relation to soil type. Plant Pathol 20:51–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa AS, Lima Neto V da C (1976) Transmissao de virus da necrose branca de fumo por Freankliniella sp. IX congr. Soc. Bras Fitopatol

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutts BA, Prince RT, Jones RAC (2009) Quantifying effects of seedborne inoculum on virus spread, yield losses and seed infection in the Pea seed – borne mosaic virus – field pea pathosystem. Phytopathology 99:1156–1167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley NC (1959) Studies on the time of embryo infection by seed-transmitted virus. Virology 8:116–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das CR, Milbrath JA (1961) Plant-to-plant transfer of stone fruit ringspot virus in squash by pollination. Phytopathology 51:489–490

    Google Scholar 

  • Daubeny HA, Stace-Smith R, Freeman JA (1978) The occurrence and some effects of raspberry bushy dwarf virus in red raspberry. J Am Soc Hort Sci 103:519–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson TR (1976) Field spread of prunus necrotic ringspot in sour cherries in Ontario. Plant Dis Rep 60:1080–1082

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson TR, George JA (1964) Spread of necrotic ring spot and sour cherry yellows virus in Niagara peninsula orchards. Can J Plant Sci 44:471–484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demski JW, Kuhn CW (1974) Source of peanut mottle virus in soybean and peanut. Annu Proc Am Phytopathol Soc 1:158

    Google Scholar 

  • Demski JW, Kahn MA, Wells HD, Miller JD (1981) Peanut mottle virus in forage legumes. Plant Dis 65:359–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demski JW, Alexander AT, Stefani MA, Kuhn CW (1983) Natural infection, disease reaction and epidemiological implications of peanut mottle virus in cowpea. Plant Dis 67:267–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener TO, Raymer WB (1971) Potato spindle tuber virus. CMI/AAB descriptions of plant viruses. No 66, p 4

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinesh Chand, Chalam VC, Khetarpal RK (2005) Role of primary seed – borne inoculum in the epidemiology of Bean common mosaic virus of blackgram and green gram. Second global conference on Plant Health. Global health, conducted of Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, India, pp 44–45 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Doolittle SP, Gilbert WW (1919) Seed transmission of cucurbit mosaic by the wild cucumber. Phytopathology 9:326–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Doolittle SP, Walker MN (1925) Further studies on the over wintering and dissemination of cucurbit mosaic. J Agric Res 31:1–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffus JE (1971) Role of weeds in the incidence of virus diseases. Annu Rev Phytopathol 9:319–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eastop VF (1977) Worldwide importance of aphids as virus effects. In: Harris KF, Maramorosch K (eds) Pathogens, vectors and virus diseases. Approaches to control. Academic, New York, pp 3–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernow KH, Peterson LC, Plaisted RL (1970) Spindle tuber virus in seeds and pollen of infected potato plants. Am Potato J 47:75–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher JT, Butler D (1975) Strain changes in populations of tobacco mosaic virus from tomato crops. Ann Appl Biol 81:409–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frandsen NO (1952) Untersuchungen Zur Virus resisten zuchtung bei (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) I. Phytopathologische Untersuchungen. Z Pfl Zuchtung 31:381–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Frosheiser FI (1974) Alfalfa mosaic virus transmission to seed through alfalfa gametes and longevity in alfalfa seed. Phytopathology 64:102–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallitelli D (1982) Properties of tomato isolate of Pelargonium zonate spot virus. Ann Appl Biol 100:457–466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George JA, Davidson TR (1963) Pollen transmission of necrotic ringspot and sour cherry yellows viruses from tree to tree. Can J Plant Sci 43:276–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gera A, Loebenstein G, Raccah B (1978) Detection of cucumber mosaic virus in viruliferous aphids by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Virology 86:542–545

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gera A, Loebenstein G, Raccah B (1979) Protein coats of two strains of cucumber mosaic virus affect transmission of Aphis gossypii. Phytopathology 69:88–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmer RM, Way RD (1960) Pollen transmission of necrotic ringspot and prune dwarf viruses in sour cherry. Phytopathology 50:624–625

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmer RM, Way RD (1963) Evidence for tree to tree transmission of sour cherry yellow virus by pollen. Plant Dis Rep 47:1051–1053

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold AH, Suneson CA, Houston BR, Oswald JW (1954) Electron microscopy and seed and pollen transmission of rod-shaped particles associated with the false stripe disease of barley. Phytopathol 44:115–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton RI, Leung E, Nichols C (1977) Surface contamination of pollen by plant viruses. Phytopathology 67:395–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanada K, Harrison BD (1977) Effects of virus genotype and temperature on seed transmission of nepoviruses. Ann Appl Biol 85:79–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hani A (1971) Zur Epidemiologie des Guerkinmosaic virus im Tessin. Phytopathol Z 72:115–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen AJ, Nyland G, McElroy FD, Stace-Smith R (1974) Origin, cause, host range and spread of cherry raspleaf disease in North America. Phytopathology 64:721–727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardtl H (1978) Pollen as carrier of virus. Gartanban Wiss 43:34–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison BD (1977) Ecology and control of viruses with soil-inhabiting vectors. Annu Rev Phytopathol 15:331–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison BD (1981) Plant virus ecology: ingredients, interactions and environmental influences. Ann Appl Biol 99:195–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heathcote GD (1970) Weeds, herbicides and plant virus diseases. Proceedings of the 10th British weed control conference, pp 934–941

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemmati K, McLean DL (1977) Gamete-seed transmission of alfalfa mosaic virus and its effect on seed germination and yield in alfalfa plants. Phytopathology 67:576–579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt WB, Chiarappa L (1977) Plant health and quarantine in international transfer of genetic resources. CRC Press, Cleveland

    Google Scholar 

  • Horvath J (1983) The role of some plants in the ecology of cucumber mosaic virus with special regard to bean. Acta phytopathol Acad Sci Hung 18(4):217–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin ME, Goodman RM (1981) Ecology and control of soybean mosaic virus in soybeans. In: Maramorosch K, Harris KF (eds) Plant diseases and vectors: ecology and epidemiology. Academic, New York, pp 182–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin ME, Ruesink WG, Isard SA, Kampmeier GE (2000) Mitigating epidemics caused by non-persistently transmitted aphid-borne viruses: the role of the pliant environment. Virus Res 71:185–211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson AO, Lane LC (1981) Hordeiviruses. In: Kurstakk E (ed) Hand book of plant virus infections and comparative diagnosis. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 565–625

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansen WP, Staples R (1970) Effect of cowpeas and soybeans as source or test plants of cowpea mosaic virus on vector efficiency and retention of infectivity of the bean leaf beetle and spotted cucumber beetle. Plant Dis Rep 54:1053–1054

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson CG (1967) International dispersal of insects and insect-borne viruses. Neth J Plant Pathol (Suppl) 73:21–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones AT (1978) Incidence, field spread, seed transmission and effects of broad bean stain virus and Echtes Ackerbohnen mosaik-virus in Vicia Faba in eastern Scotland. Ann Appl Biol 88:137–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones AT (1980) Seed-borne viruses of Vicia faba and possibility of producing seed free from broad bean stain virus and Echtes Ackerbohnen mosaik-virus. In: Bond DA (ed) Vicia faba, feeding value, processing and viruses. Montinus Nijhoff, The Hague, pp 319–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones RAC (1982) Tests for transmission of four potato viruses through potato true seed. Ann Appl Biol 100:315–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RAC (2000) Determining ‘thresh hold’ levels for seed – borne virus infection in seed stocks. Virus Res 71:171–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RAC (2004) Using epidemiological information to develop effective integrated virus disease management strategies. Virus Res 100:5–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RAC, Fribourg CE (1977) Beetle, contact and potato true seed transmission of Andean potato latent virus. Ann Appl Biol 86:123–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones AT, Wood GA (1979) The virus status of raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) in New Zealand. NZ J Agric Res 22:173–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaper JM, Waterworth HE (1981) Cucumo viruses. In: Kurstak E (ed) Hand book of plant virus infections and comparative diagnosis. Elsevier North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp 257–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassanis B, Russell GE, White RF (1978) Seed and pollen transmission of beet cryptic virus in sugar beet plants. Phytopathology 91:76–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley RD, Cameron HR (1986) Location of prune dwarf and Prunus necrotic ringspot viruses associated with sweet cherry pollen and seed. Phytopathology 76:317–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemper A (1962) Zum anfttreten Von Salat mosaik virus an salt (Lactuca sativa L.) und an Krenz krant (Senecio vulgaris L.). Z pfl kranckh pfl schutz 69:653–663

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy JS, Booth CO (1963) Co-ordination of successive activities in an aphid. The effect of flight on the settling responses. J Exp Biol 40:351–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy JS, Day MF, Eastop VP (1962) A conspectus of aphids as vectors of plant viruses. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Khetarpal RK, Maury Y (1998) Epidemiology of seed transmitted virus diseases. In: Proceedings of international work shop of management of seed – borne diseases for food production in the 21st century, 25–27 March 1998, Nagoya, Japan, pp 98–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Kryczynski S, Paduch-Cichal E, Skrzeclzkowski LJ (1988) Transmission of three viroids through seed and pollen of tomato plants. J Phytopathol 121:51–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen K (1981) Male sterility caused by beet yellows virus. Z Pfl krankh Pfl Schultz 88:111–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard KJ, Fry WE (1986) Plant disease epidemiology, vol I, Population dynamics and management. Macmillan, New York, 372 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Lister RM, Murant AF (1967) Seed-transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Ann Appl Biol 59:49–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Louie R, Lorbeer JW (1966) Mechanical transmission of onion yellow dwarf virus. Phytopathology 56:1020–1023

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandahar CL (1978) An introduction to plant viruses. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandahar CL (1981) Virus transmission through seed and pollen. In: Harris HF, Maramorsch K (eds) Plant diseases and vectors. Academic, New York, pp 241–292, pp 368

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandahar CL (1985) Vertical and horizontal spread of plant viruses through seed and pollen: an epidemiological view. In: Gupta BM, Singh BT, Nerma HN, Srivastava KM (eds) Perspectives in plant virology, vol I. Print House (India), Lucknow, pp 23–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandahar CL, Gill PS (1984) The epidemiological role of pollen transmission of viruses. Z Pfe Krankh Pfe Schutz 91:246–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Maramorosch K, Thresh JM, Shatkin AJ (2006) Advances in virus research: plant virus epidemiology. Academic, San Diego, 560 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Mckirdy SJ, Jones RAC (1994) Infection of alternative hosts associated with narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) by cucumber mosaic virus and its persistence between growing seasons. Aust J Agric Res 45(5):1035–1049

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medina AC, Grogan RG (1961) Seed transmission of bean common mosaic viruses. Phytopathology 51:452–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Meiners JP, Gillaspie AG Jr, Lawson RH, Smith FF (1978) Identification and partial characterization of a strain of bean common mosaic virus from Rhynchosia minima. Phytopathology 68:283–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mink GI (1983) The current status of cherry virus research in Washington. Proceedings of Washington State Horticultural Association. 78th Annual Meeting, Yakisna, pp 184–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Mink GI (1993) Pollen and seed-transmitted viruses and viroids. Annu Rev Phytopathol 31:375–402

    Google Scholar 

  • Mircetich SMJ, Sanborn RR, Ramos DE (1980) Natural spread, graft transmission and possible etiology of walnut blackline disease. Phytopathology 70:962–968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mountain WL, Powell CA, Forer LB, Stouffer RF (1983) Transmission of tomato ring spot virus from dandelion via seed and dagger nematodes. Plant Dis 67:867–868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murant AF (1970) The importance of wild plants in the ecology of nematode transmitted plant viruses. Ann Appl Biol 59:63–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murant AF (1976) Raspberry bushy dwarf virus – CMI/AAB. Descriptions of plant viruses. No 165, Kew, Swery, England

    Google Scholar 

  • Murant AF (1981a) Nepoviruses. In: Kurstak E (ed) Hand book of plant virus infections and comparative diagnosis. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 197–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Murant AF (1981b) The role of wild plants in the ecology of nematode-borne viruses. In: Thresh JM (ed) Pests, pathogens and vegetation. Pitman, London, pp 237–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Murant AF, Lister RM (1967) Seed-transmission in the ecology of nematode borne viruses. Ann Appl Biol 59:63–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murant AF, Chambers J, Jones AT (1974) Spread of raspberry bushy dwarf virus by pollination, its association with crumbly fruit and problems of control. Ann Appl Biol 77:271–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murdock DJ, Nelson PE, Smith SH (1976) Histopathological examination of Pelargonium infected with tomato ringspot virus. Phytopathology 66:844–850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura K, Yamagishi N, Isogai M, Komori S, Ito T, Yoshikawa N (2011) Seed and pollen transmission of Apple latent spherical virus in apple. J. Gen Plant Pathol, 77:48–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Neergaard P (1977) Seed-borne viruses. Chapter 3. In: Seed pathology, vol I. Macmillan, London/Madras, 839 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • OEPP/EPPO (1994) Certification schemes No. 10. Pathogen tested material of Rubus. Bull OEPP/EPPO Bull 24:865–874

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelham J, Fletcher JT, Hawkins JH (1970) The establishment of a new strain of tobacco mosaic virus resulting from the use of resistant varieties of tomato. Ann Appl Biol 65:293–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phatak HC (1980) The role of seed and pollen in the spread of plant pathogens particularly viruses. J Trop Pest Manag 26:278–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell CA, Forer LB, Stouffer RF, Commins JN, Gousalves D, Rosenbergh DA, Hoffman J, Lister RM (1984) Orchard Weeds as hosts of tomato ring spot and tobacco ring spot virus. Plant Dis 68:242–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasada Rao RDVJ, Jyothirmai Madhavi K, Reddy AS, Varaprasad KS, Nigam SN, Sharma KK, Lavakumar P, Waliyar F (2009) Non transmission of Tobacco streak virus isolate occurring in India through seeds of some crop and weed hosts. Indian J Plant Prot 37:92–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Quiot JB, Devergne J-C, Cardin L, Verbrugghe M, Marchoux G, Labonne G (1979) Ecologie et epidemiologie du Virus de la Mosaique du Concombre dans le Sud-Est de la France. VII. Repartition de deux types de populations virales dans les cultures sensibles. Ann Phytopathol 11:359–373

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswamy S, Posnette AF (1971) Properties of cherry ring mottle, a distinctive strain of prune dwarf virus. Ann Appl Biol 68:55–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy DVR, Nolt BL, Hobbs HA, Reddy AS, Rajeswari R, Rao AS, Reddy DDR, McDonald D (1988) Clump virus in India: Isolates host range, transmission and management. In: CooperJI, Asher MJC (eds) Developments in applied biology II. Viruses with fungal vectors, Wellesbourne, Warwick, United Kingdom: Association of Applied Biologists, pp 239–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryder EJ (1964) Transmission of common lettuce mosaic virus through the gametes of the lettuce plant. Plant Dis Rep 48:522–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Salazar LF, Harrison BD (1978) Host range, purification and properties of potato virus. T Ann Appl Biol 89:223–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sammons B, Barnett OW (1987) Tobacco ring spot virus from squash grown in South Carolina and transmission of the virus through seed of smooth pig weed. Plant Dis 71:530–532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sastry KS (1984a) Role of weed hosts in the perpetuation of virus and virus-like diseases. In: Misra A, Polasa H (eds) Virus ecology. South Asian Publishers, New Delhi, pp 59–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Sastry KS (1984b) Management of plant virus diseases by oil sprays. In: Misra A, Polasa H (eds) Virus ecology. South Asian Publishers, New Delhi, pp 31–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarborough BA, Smith SH (1975) Seed transmission of tobacco and tomato ring-spot viruses in Geraniums. Phytopathology 65:835–836

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmelzer K (1957) Untersuchungen uber den Wirtspflanzenkeris des Tabakmauche-virus. Phytopathol Z 30:281–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmelzer K (1963) Untersuchungen an Viren der Zier-und Wildgeholze. 3. Mitt. Virosen an Robinia, Ptelea und anderen Gattungen. Phytopathol Z 46:235–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmelzer K (1966) Untersuchungen an Viren der Zier-und Wildgeholze. 5. Mitteilung: virosen an Populus and Sambucus. Phytopathol Z 55:317–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmelzer K (1969) Das Ulmenscheckungs. Virus Phytopathol Z 64:39–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma SR, Varma A (1983) Effect of heat treatment of infected seeds and granular application of insecticide on field spread of cowpea banding mosaic and seed yield of cowpea. J Turkish Phytopathol 12(2–3): 103–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma SR, Varma A (1984) Effect of cultural practices on virus infection in cowpea. Z fur Aker und Pflanzenbau 153:21–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma SR, Varma A (1986) Seed transmission of cowpea banding mosaic and cowpea chlorotic spot viruses through the seeds of cowpea. Seed Sci Technol 14:217–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma OP, Sharma PK, Sharma PN (2004) Role of infected and healthy seed in the epidemiology of French bean mosaic caused by bean common mosaic virus. Himachal J Agirc Res 30:78–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd RJ (1972) Transmission of viruses through seed and pollen. In: Kado CI, Agrawal HO (eds) Principles and techniques in plant virology. Van Nostrand-Reinhold Co., New York, pp 267–292, 688 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson WR, Hagedorn DJ (1973) Further studies on seed transmission of pea seed-borne mosaic virus in Pisum sativum. Plant Dis Rep 57:248–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor CE (1967) The multiplication of Longidorus elongatus (de Man) on different host plants with reference to virus transmission. Ann Appl Biol 59:275–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor CE, Brown DJF (1976) The geographical distribution of Xiphinema and Longidorus nematodes in the British Isles and Ireland. Ann Appl Biol 84:383–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor CE, Thomas PR (1968) The association of Xiphinema diversicaudatum (Micoletsky) with strawberry latent ringspot and arabis mosaic viruses in raspberry plantation. Ann Appl Biol 62:147–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas PR (1969) Crop and weed plants compared as host plants of viruliferous Longidorus elongatus. Plant Pathol 18:23–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomgmeearkom P, Paschal EHH, Goodman RM (1978) Yield reduction in soybean infected with cowpea mosaic virus. Phytopathology 68:1549–1551

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thouvenel JC, Fauquet C (1981a) Further properties of Peanut clump virus and studies on its natural transmission. Ann Appl Biol 97:99–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thouvenel JC, Fauquet C (1981) Peanut clump virus. No 235 in Descriptions of plant viruses common Mycol. Lust. Assoc. Appl. Biol, Kew surry, England 4 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Thresh JM (1974) Vector relationships and the development of epidemics: the epidemiology of plant viruses. Phytopathology 64:1050–1056

    Google Scholar 

  • Thresh JM (1981) The role of weeds and wild plants in the epidemiology of plant virus disease. In: Thresh JM (ed) Pests pathogens and vegetation. Pitman, London, pp 53–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Thresh JM (1987) The population dynamics of plant virus diseases. In: Wolfe MS, Caten CE (eds) Populations of plant pathogens. Their dynamics and genetics. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Timian RG (1967) Barley stripe mosaic virus seed transmission and barley yield as influenced by time of infection. Phytopathology 57:1375–1377

    Google Scholar 

  • Timian RG (1974) The range of symbiosis of barley and barley stripe mosaic virus. Plant Dis 64:342–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson JA, Carter AL (1970a) Studies on the seed transmission of cucumber mosaic virus in chickweed (Stellaria media) in relation to the ecology of the virus. Ann Appl Biol 66:381–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson JA, Carter AL (1970b) Seed transmission of cucumber mosaic virus in chickweed. Plant Dis Rep 54:150–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson JA, Walker VM (1973) Further studies on seed-transmission in the ecology of some aphid-transmitted virus. Ann Appl Biol 73:292–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson JA, Ward CM (1981) The reactions of some brussels sprout F1 hybrids and inbreds to cauliflower mosaic and turnip mosaic virus. Ann Appl Biol 97:205–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson JA, Carter AL, Dale WT, Simpson CJ (1970) Weed plants as sources of cucumber mosaic virus. Ann Appl Biol 66:11–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchizaki T, Yora K, Asuyama H (1970) The viruses causing mosaic of cowpea and Azuki bean and their transmissibility through seeds. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 36:112–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuite J (1960) The natural occurrence of tobacco ringspot virus. Phytopathology 50:296–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Udayashankar AC, Nayaka CS, Kumar BH, Mortensen CN, Shetty HS, Prakash HS (2010) Establishing inoculum threshold levels for Bean common mosaic virus strain Black eye cowpea mosaic infection in cowpea seed. Afr J Biotechnol 9(53):8958–8969

    Google Scholar 

  • Ullrich J (1954) Untersuchungen uber Salat mosaik Nachr Bl. dt. PflSchutsdienst 66:182–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Plank JE (1963) Plant disease: epidemics and control. Academic, New York/London, 349 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Plank JE (1982) Host-pathogen interactions in plant disease. Academic, London/New York, p 207

    Google Scholar 

  • Vertesy J (1976) Embryological studies of Ilar-virus infected cherry seeds. Acta Hort 67:245

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorra-urai S, Cockbain AJ (1977) Further studies on seed transmission of broad bean stain virus and Echtes Ackerbohnen mosaik virus in field beans (Vicia faba). Ann Appl Biol 87:365–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallis RL (1967) Some host plants of the green peach aphid and beet western yellows virus in pacific Northwest. Ann Appl Biol 73:293–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter MH, Kaiser WJ, Klein RE, Wyatt SD (1992) Association between tobacco streak Ilarvirus seed transmission and another tissue infection in bean. Phytopathology 82:412–415

    Google Scholar 

  • Way LD, Gilmer RM (1958) Pollen transmission of necrotic ringspot virus in cherry. Plant Dis Rep 42:1222–1224

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams HE, Traylor JA, Wagnon HK (1963) The infections nature of pollen from certain virus infected stone fruit trees. Phytopathology 53:1144 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang AF, Hamilton RI (1974) The mechanism of seed transmission of tobacco ringspot virus in soybean. Virology 62:26–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zadoks JC, Schein RD (1979) Epidemiology and plant disease management. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Zink FW, Grogan RG, Welch JE (1956) The effect of the percentage of seed transmission upon subsequent spread of lettuce mosaic virus. Phytopathology 46:662–664

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Virology, S.V. University, Tirupathi, AP, India

    K. Subramanya Sastry (Emeritus Professor)

Authors
  1. K. Subramanya Sastry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer India

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sastry, K.S. (2013). Ecology and Epidemiology of Seed-Transmitted Viruses. In: Seed-borne plant virus diseases. Springer, India. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0813-6_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation