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Species Diversity of Animals in Japan pp 319–340Cite as

Diversity of Leeches from Japan: Recent Progress in Macrophagous and Blood-Feeding Taxa

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Part of the book series: Diversity and Commonality in Animals ((DCA))

Abstract

The species diversity of the leeches from Japan and recent progress in taxonomic and molecular phylogenetic studies on macrophagous and blood-feeding taxa are reviewed. At present, 64 species are known in Japan, which are classified into 38 genera in 9 families. Recent taxonomic and molecular phylogenetic analyses have revealed that the terrestrial macrophagous genus Orobdella is the most diverse taxon among the genera distributed in Japan. The phylogenetic relationships and geographic distributions of Orobdella species suggest that this genus has been highly influenced by geological events and geographic boundaries. In contrast, phylogenetic relationships between blood-feeding species of the genus Haemadipsa show that Japanese species do not form a monophyletic group, suggesting multiple origins of the species. Phylogenetic relationships of Haemadipsa rjukjuana shed light on the incongruence between its genetic structure and geographic distances. The results indicate that blood-feeding leeches have been dispersed via long-distance migrants. The low genetic diversity of freshwater predatory Mimobdella in the Ryukyu Islands, as well as the presence of the freshwater-introduced species in Japan, indicate the possibility of the influence of human activities on the present distribution of freshwater species.

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Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to Dr. Ko Tomikawa (Hiroshima University) for helpful discussions, to one anonymous reviewer, and to Dr. Yi-Te Lai (National Taiwan University) and Dr. Masaharu Motokawa (The Kyoto University Museum) for their constructive comments and suggestions.

Note Added in Proof After this manuscript was accepted for publication, 4 new species of Orobdella have been described from the western part of Honshu, and Shikoku, Japan (Nakano 2016a, b). Orobdella brachyepididymis Nakano, 2016b and O. naraharaetmagarum Nakano, 2016a are small type quadrannulate species belonging to the Korean Peninsula to Taiwan lineage, whereas the middle type sexannulate O. okanoi Nakano, 2016b and O. yamaneae Nakano, 2016b, and the large type octannulate O. nakahamai Nakano, 2016b are phylogenetically close to the Honshu lineage species (Nakano 2016b).

Mimobdella japonica has been also recorded from the volcanic Hachijojima Island, Izu Islands, Japan (Nakano and Meyer-Rochow 2016). Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the specimens from the island revealed that they had identical sequences to those obtained from M. japonica distributed in the Ryukyu Islands (Nakano and Meyer-Rochow 2016).

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  1. Department of Science Education, Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, 1-1-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8524, Japan

    Takafumi Nakano

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  1. Takafumi Nakano
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  1. The Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan

    Masaharu Motokawa

  2. Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

    Hiroshi Kajihara

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Nakano, T. (2017). Diversity of Leeches from Japan: Recent Progress in Macrophagous and Blood-Feeding Taxa. In: Motokawa, M., Kajihara, H. (eds) Species Diversity of Animals in Japan. Diversity and Commonality in Animals. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4_12

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