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Evolution of Hominid Life History Strategy and Origin of Human Family

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Book cover Dispersing Primate Females

Part of the book series: Primatology Monographs ((PrimMono))

Abstract

Modern humans have unique life history traits compared to great apes, such as earlier age at weaning, later age at sexual maturity, shorter inter-birth interval, and longer life span. These features did not emerge together in the evolutionary history of hominids but interacted with each other to promote human adaptive abilities to new environments out of tropical forests and out of Africa. I analyze the order of these traits’ emergence and the factors shaping each trait by considering the life history traits of great apes, fossil evidence, and the subsistence of foragers. A comparison with great apes predicts that changes in diet and social features may have preceded or coincided with the development of human’s life history traits. Based on a comparison of social features among great apes, the Homo–Pan LCA may have lived in a medium-sized group with a multi-male and multi-female social structure characterized by a strong tendency of female transfer between groups and a weak tendency of male philopatry. They also had small sexual dimorphism in body mass, with females showing no overt sign of estrus. Large climatic changes in the late Miocene forced the human ancestors to expand their distribution from tropical forests to open lands. The dispersed food resources and high predation pressure they faced in the new environments constituted the driving force behind provisioning and early weaning, which shortened the inter-birth interval and increased the fecundity of early hominids. The dietary innovation of collecting high-quality foods including meat preceded encephalization and promoted a division of labor between sexes in foraging. Increased brain size led to the allocation of energy to rapid brain growth and caused a delay in somatic growth. Such changes in life history traits resulted in the emergence of childhood and adolescence unique to humans. The long dependency inherent to these periods required cooperative breeding and pair bonding, while risky environments strengthened kin-based alliance among males. Cooking and control of fire increased digestive ability and expanded the dietary range of hominids. Reductions in the time energy spent on processing and consuming foods allowed them to expand their social interactions. The prevalence of provisioning and food sharing in adulthood solicited development of reciprocity and prosociality, which possibly led to the creation of a multilevel community structure consisting of families, as observed in modern foragers’ societies. This social structure might have increased the resilience of the Homo clade to severe conditions in the new environments and led them in their first steps out of Africa. Menopause and extension of the post-reproductive period may have emerged recently, contributing to the increased survival of immatures and overall population growth. The development of speech using language and other cultural innovations played important roles in shaping this remarkable life history trait unique to modern humans.

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Acknowledgements

This study was financed in part by the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (No. 162550080, No. 19107007, and No. 24255010 to J. Yamagiwa); the Global Environmental Research Fund of the Japanese Ministry of the Environment (F-061 to T. Nishida, Japan Monkey Centre); the Kyoto University Global COE Program “Formation of a Strategic Base for Biodiversity and Evolutionary research”; and SATREPS of JST/JICA.

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  1. Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan

    Juichi Yamagiwa

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  1. Department of Ecology and Social Behavior, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan

    Takeshi Furuichi

  2. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Juichi Yamagiwa

  3. Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

    Filippo Aureli

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Yamagiwa, J. (2015). Evolution of Hominid Life History Strategy and Origin of Human Family. In: Furuichi, T., Yamagiwa, J., Aureli, F. (eds) Dispersing Primate Females. Primatology Monographs. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55480-6_11

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