Abstract
The debate about the role of tourism as economic development tool is not new, although in recent years, there have been interesting contributions to it. Many institutions have highlighted the importance of tourism as an engine of social transformation and tool for promoting economic development and growth potential, to the point that tourism is expected to generate over a horizon of no more than ten years 11.3 % of world GDP and 8.3% of employment. The economic literature has been agreeing with these statements, although there is growing consensus about the error of accepting this statement with absolute. The aim of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, it is to determine whether there is a relationship between the growth of tourism in a country and its level of economic development, and if so, with which sign, and on the other, to identify the factors that favour or hinder this relationship. The analysis was performed at a country scale using canonical correspondence analysis. This technique allows one to determine whether or not there exists a relationship (and in which sense) between two multidimensional variables – in this case, the growth of tourism and economic development.
Keywords
- Economic Development
- Canonical Correspondence Analysis
- Composite Index
- Canonical Variable
- Millennium Development Goal
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The ST-EP program aims to “reorient and encourage sustainable tourism socially, economically, and ecologically to convert it into a basic tool for eliminating poverty in the poorest countries in the world, and particularly in LDCs, providing development opportunities and employment to all those who live on less than $1 a day”. More information about this program can be found at www.unwto.org/step (accessed 15 June 2010).
- 2.
The first publication, of 2002, entitled “Tourism and alleviation of poverty”, is a general analysis based on examples from four countries on the contribution of tourism in the struggle against poverty in underdeveloped countries and the least developed countries (LDCs). The second publication, of 2004, was entitled “Tourism and alleviation of poverty: Recommendations for action”. In 2005, the third was published, entitled “Tourism, microcredits, and reduction of poverty”. A fourth publication appeared in 2006, under the title “Reduction of poverty through tourism: A compilation of best practices”.
- 3.
See UNCTAD (2007).
- 4.
What is really measured is a country’s economic growth generated by tourism, which is what we term in the present article “tourism growth”.
- 5.
http://www.wttc.org/eng/Tourism_Research/Tourism_Impact_Data_and_Forecast_Tool/index.php (accessed 15 June 2010).
- 6.
- 7.
The countries with inefficient tourism are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Dominican Republic, Moldova, Paraguay, and Sri Lanka.
- 8.
The countries with efficient tourism are Indonesia, Kenya, Republic of Korea, Kyrgyz Republic, Mauritius, Senegal, South Africa, Vietnam, and Zambia.
References
Abramovitz M (1952) A survey of contemporary economics. Richard D. Irwin, Homewood
Arocena J (1995) El desarrollo local: un desafío contemporáneo. Nueva Sociedad, Caracas
Arrous J (1999) Les théories de la croissance. Editions du Seuil, Paris
Arrow KJ (1962) The economics implications of learning by doing. Rev Econ Stud 29:15–173
Aydalot P (1985) Économie régionale et urbaine. Economica, París
Benito S (2008) Teoría del crecimiento económico. Apuntes de Macroeconomía
Boisier S (2003) El desarrollo en su lugar. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago
Britton SG (1982) The political economy of tourism in the Third World (Pacific South). Ann Tour Res 9(3):331–358
Brohman J (1996) New directions in tourism for Third World development. Ann Tour Res 23(1):48–70
Cater EA (1987) Tourism in the least developed countries. Ann Tour Res 14(2):202–226
Cooper C, Fletcher J, Fyall A, Gilbert D, Wanhill S (2007) El turismo. Teoría y práctica. Editorial Síntesis, Madrid
Cortés-Jimenéz I, Artís M (2005) The role of the tourism sector in economic development: lessons from the Spanish experience. 45th congress of the European Regional Science Association, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Crompton JL, Lee S, Shuster TJ (2001) A guide for undertaking economic impact studies: the Springfest example. J Travel Res 40:79–87
Diagne AK (2004) Tourism development and its impacts in the Senegalese Petite Côte: a geographical case study in centre-periphery relations. Tour Geogr 6(4):472–492
Dwyer L, Forsyth P, Spurr R (2004) Evaluating tourism’s economic effects: new and old approaches. Tour Manage 25:307–317
Easterly W (2000) En busca del crecimiento. Andanzas y tribulaciones de los economistas del desarrollo. Antonio Bosch, Barcelona
Figuerola M (1990) Teoría económica del turismo. Alianza Universidad Textos, Madrid
Forsyth TJ (1995) Tourism and agricultural development in Thailand. Ann Tour Res 22(4):877–900
Fuà G (1994) Economic growth: a discussion on figures. Istao, Ancona
Goded M (2002) La promoción de la actividad turística: ¿Una política de desarrollo acertada? Rev Econ Mundial 7:111–133
Jones H (1975) Introducción a las teorías modernas del crecimiento económico. Editorial Antoni Bosch, Barcelona, 1988 (2nd edn)
Kingsbury P (2005) Jamaican tourism and the politics of enjoyment. Geoforum 36(1):113–132
Kuznets S (1966) Modern economic growth. Yale University Press, New Haven
Lanza A, Pigliaru F (1994) The tourism sector in the open economy. In: Nijkamp P, Coccossis W (eds) Tourism and the environment. Avebury, Aldershot
Lanza A, Temple P, Urga G (2003) The implications of tourism specialisation in the long run: an econometric analysis for 13 OECD economies. Tour Manage 24(3):315–321
Lewis A (1954) Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. The Manchester School of Economic Growth, George Allen & Unwin, Londres
Lickorish LJ, Jenkins CL (2000) Una introducción al turismo. Editorial Síntesis, Madrid
Lucas R (1997) Conversación con Robert E. Lucas Jr, vol 66. Estudios Públicos, Santiago de Chile, autumn
Martín P, Sáez A (2006) Turismo y desarrollo económico. In: Sáez A, Martín P, Pulido JI (coord.). Estructura económica del turismo. Editorial Síntesis, Madrid, pp 93–140
Mochón F (2004) Economía y turismo. McGraw Hill, Madrid
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development – OECD (2009) The impact of culture of tourism. OECD, Paris
Pearce D (1989) Tourism development. Longman, Essex
Pérez-Ducy E (2001) Financial leakages from tourism, evaluation and policy issues for LDCs. Tourism and LDCs, Canarias
Ranis G, Stewart F, Ramírez A (2000) Economic growth and human development. World Dev 28(2):197–219
Reyes G (2002) Principales Teorías sobre Desarrollo Económico y Social y su aplicación en América Latina y el Caribe. http://www.zonaeconomica.com/files/teorias-desarrollo.pdf. Accesed 28 Jan 2011
Sáez A (2008) El turismo rural como factor de desarrollo local. In: Pulido JI (coord.). El turismo rural. Estructura económica y configuración territorial en España. Editorial Síntesis, Madrid, pp 51–73
Sahli M (2007) Benefices et defies du tourism dans les PMA, University of Wellington, New Zealand. Meeting on trade and development implications of international tourism for developing countries: UNCTAD XII pre-event. Geneva, 19–20 Nov 2007, (QSTC/5/4/GPW 3.1 Rev. 2007)
Sala-i-Martin X (1994) Apuntes de crecimiento económico. Editorial Antoni Bosch, Barcelona
Sharpley R, Telfer D (2002) Tourism and development. Concepts and issues. Channel View, Clevedon
Sinclair MT (1998) Tourism and economic development: a survey. J Dev Stud 34(5):1–51
Sinclair MT, Stabler MJ (1997) The economics of tourism. Routledge, London/New York
Sinclair MT, Tsegaye A (1990) International tourism and export instability. J Dev Stud 26(3):487–504
Solow R (1956) A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quat J Econ 70, pp 65–94, Feb 1956
Tribe J (2005) The economics of recreation, leisure and tourism. Elsevier, Oxford
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development – UNCTAD (2007) International tourism evolution in the LDCs since the adoption of the Canary Islands Declaration (2001). Meeting on trade and development implications of international tourism for developing countries: UNCTAD XII pre-event. Geneva, 19–20 Nov 2007, (QSTC/5/4/GPW 3.1 Rev. 2007)
United Nations Development Program – UNDP (2009) Human development report 2009. Overcoming barriers: human mobility and development. UNDP, New York
United Nations World Tourism Organization – UNWTO (2005) Tourism highlights 2005. UNWTO, Madrid
United Nations World Tourism Organization – UNWTO (2010) Tourism and the millennium development goals. http://www.unwto.org/tourism&mdgsezine/. Accessed 15 Feb 2012
Vanhove N (2005) The economics of tourism destinations. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington
Vazquez-Barquero A (2005) Las nuevas fuerzas del desarrollo. Editorial Antoni Bosch, Barcelona
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) (2005) Progress and priorities 2005–06. World Travel and Tourism Council, London
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix A.1 Classification of the countries
Appendix A.1 Classification of the countries
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Countries of strong economic development | Countries of medium economic development | Countries of weak economic development | ||
Luxembourg | Mongolia | Bolivia | Countries of strong tourism growth | Cambodia |
China | ||||
United Arab Emirates | Belgium | Japan | India | |
Ireland | Switzerland | Nepal | Indonesia | |
Norway | Madagascar | Costa Rica | Kazakhstan | |
Qatar | Malaysia | Mozambique | Korea, Rep. | |
Saudi Arabia | Brazil | Dominican Republic | Kyrgyz Republic | |
Greece | Algeria | Ukraine | Nigeria | |
Czech Republic | Germany | China | Pakistan | |
Hungary | Barbados | Ecuador | Russian Federation | |
South Africa | ||||
Italy | Honduras | Burkina Faso | Ukraine | |
Austria | Uganda | Russian Federation | Vietnam | |
Netherlands | Bulgaria | Gambia, The | ||
Kuwait | Libya | Benin | ||
Singapore | Tunisia | India | Countries of medium tourism growth | Colombia |
Estonia | El Salvador | Indonesia | Philippines | |
Dominican Republic | ||||
Spain | Bangladesh | Pakistan | Costa Rica | |
Lithuania | Venezuela | Paraguay | Chile | |
Denmark | Morocco | Guyana | Azerbaijan | |
Iceland | Albania | Cambodia | Ecuador | |
Oman | Cyprus | Kazakhstan | Kenya | |
Turkey | Burundi | Vietnam | Senegal | |
Latvia | Jamaica | Nigeria | Armenia | |
Mauritius | ||||
New Zealand | Argentina | Senegal | Namibia | |
Australia | Egypt | Zambia | Zambia | |
United Kingdom | Botswana | Namibia | ||
Poland | Nicaragua | Azerbaijan | ||
Slovenia | Romania | Armenia | Countries of weak tourism growth | Gambia, The |
Slovak Republic | Israel | Sri Lanka | Sri Lanka | |
Bahrain | Tanzania | South Africa | Burkina Faso | |
United States | Jordan | Kenya | Mali | |
Finland | Uruguay | Philippines | Benin | |
Malta | Panama | Suriname | Chad | |
France | Ethiopia | Moldova | Suriname | |
Canada | Korea, Rep. | Kyrgyz Republic | Cameroon | |
Croatia | Thailand | Cameroon | Guyana | |
Portugal | Peru | Mali | Lesotho | |
Sweden | Colombia | Lesotho | Moldova | |
Mexico | Syria | Mauritius | Paraguay | |
Canada | ||||
Guatemala | Chile | Chad |
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sánchez-Rivero, M., Pulido-Fernández, J.I., Cárdenas-García, P.J. (2013). Tourism Growth Versus Economic Development: An Analysis by Multivariate Techniques. In: Matias, Á., Nijkamp, P., Sarmento, M. (eds) Quantitative Methods in Tourism Economics. Physica, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2879-5_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2879-5_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Physica, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-7908-2878-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-7908-2879-5
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)