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European Space Activities in the Global Context

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Part of the book series: Yearbook on Space Policy ((YEARSPACE))

Abstract

In 2010 and 2011 the symptoms of the 2008 financial crisis were still being broadly felt worldwide. Although global financial expansion had already resumed in 2009, its pace remained slow and uncertain. The key element of the recovery has been the uneven pace of its impact on developed and emerging countries, with the latter achieving a much faster and bullish return to growth, as was predicted in the “Space Policies Issues and Trends in 2009/2010” report. Although global economic activity was expected to rise by roughly 5% in 2010 and 4.2% in 2011, advanced economies were projected to expand by only 2.2–2.7%, whereas emerging countries’ growth was expected to be up to three times higher.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook: recovery, Risk and Rebalancing. Washington DC: IMF, Oct. 2010.

  2. 2.

    Ibid.

  3. 3.

    The World Bank. Global Economic Prospects: Navigating Strong Currents. Washington DC: World Bank, Jan. 2011.

  4. 4.

    “The Libya War of 2011.”Stratfor Global Intelligence, 21 March 2011, http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20110319-libyan-war-2011?utm_source=SpecialReport&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=110319a&utm_content=readmore&elq=3c7acd0ccb4540ad8f71e78079162462

  5. 5.

    “U.N. Security Council Approves No-Fly Zone in Libya.” CNN, 18 March 2011, http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/17/libya.civil.war/index.html

  6. 6.

    Godoy, Julio. “Satellite Technology to Help the Displaced.” Terraviva, 15 March 2011, http://www.ipsterraviva.net/UN/news.asp?idnews=54851 and http://allafrica.com/stories/201103151462.html

  7. 7.

    “Japan Hit By Tsunami after Massive Earthquake.” 11 March 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12709850

  8. 8.

    “Japão confirma 22 mil mortos e desaparecidos.” Publico, 22 March 2011, http://www.publico.pt/Mundo/japao-confirma-22-mil-mortos-e-desaparecidos_1486147.

  9. 9.

    “Concentracões elevadas de iodo radioactivo detectadas no pacífico.” Publico, 21 March 2011, http://www.publico.pt/Mundo/concentracoes-elevadas-de-iodo-radioactivo-detectadas-no-pacifico_1485890

  10. 10.

    “Japanese Government Confirms Meltdown.” Stratfor Global Intelligence, 12 March 2011, http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20110312-japanese-government-confirms-meltdown?utm_source=redalert&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=110312%286%29&utm_content=readmore&elq=96da7bd6198c44f9a29a05659469a594

  11. 11.

    Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. World Oil Outlook. Vienna: OPEC, Sept. 2010.

  12. 12.

    Ibid.

  13. 13.

    Ibid.

  14. 14.

    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Trade and Development Report, 2010. Geneva: UNCTD 2010.

  15. 15.

    Ibid.

  16. 16.

    FP8 hearing on Space Research, Jean-Pierre Roux, AREVA, 8 Dec. 2010, Brussels, Belgium.

  17. 17.

    “NASA Technologie SpinOff 2010.” NASA, 2010, http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/Spinoff2010/pdf/Spinoff2010.pdf

  18. 18.

    FP8 hearing on Space Research, Jeroen Rotteveel, Chris Verhoeven, Mark Bentum, ISIS – Innovative Solutions In space; Delft University of Technology; University of Twente, 8 Dec. 2010, Brussels.

  19. 19.

    FP8 hearing on Space Research, Edwin Gevorkyan and Valery Manchesko, CermetULtd, University of Twente, 8 Dec. 2010, Brussels.

  20. 20.

    FP8 hearing on Space Research, Steve Lecomte, Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA, Switzerland, 8 Dec. 2010, Brussels.

  21. 21.

    FP8 hearing on Space Research, Prof. Charles Cockell, Open university, 8 Dec. 2010, Brussels.

  22. 22.

    FP8 hearing on Space Research, Richard Aked, Space Applications Services NV, 8 Dec. 2010, Brussels.

  23. 23.

    FP8 hearing on Space Research, Per Høeg, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Space, 8 Dec. 2010, Brussels.

  24. 24.

    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Review of Maritime Transport 2010. Geneva: UNCTD 2010.

  25. 25.

    European Commission: Eurostat. Statistics Explained: R&D Expenditure. Accessed on 14 January 2012. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/R_%26_D_expenditure.

  26. 26.

    Ibid.

  27. 27.

    European Commission Joint Research Centre. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. The 2010 Survey on R&D Investment Business Trends. Seville, 2011.

    European Commission Joint Research Centre. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. The 2011 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard. Seville, 2011.

  28. 28.

    European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. CONCORD-2011. 3rd European Conference on Corporate R&D: The Dynamics of Europe’s Industrial Structure and the Growth of Innovative Firms. Seville, 2012.

  29. 29.

    UN GA Resolution. 65/44. Prevention of an arms race in outer space. Available at: <http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/65/44>.

  30. 30.

    UN GA Resolution. 65/68. Transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities. Available at: <http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/65/68>.

  31. 31.

    UN GA Resolution. 65/97. International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space. Available at: <http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/65/97>.

  32. 32.

    UN GA Resolution. 65/271. International Day of Human Space Flight. Available at: <http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/65/271>.

  33. 33.

    UNGA. Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space - Fifty-third session (9-18 June 2010). Available at: <http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/gadocs/A_65_20E.pdf>.

  34. 34.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Dordain: Even With Gov’t Cuts, ESA Programs Should Maintain Funding.” Space News, 14 June 2010: 5.

  35. 35.

    “ESA Chief Dordain Elected to Third Term.” Space News, 21 June 2010: 3.

  36. 36.

    “ESA Data Access Policy Draws Mixed Reviews.” Space News 12 July 2010: 12.

  37. 37.

    Taverna, Michael A. “Industry Says EU Open Competition Rules Should Not Apply To Space” Aviation Week & Space Technology 1 Nov 2010: 36.

  38. 38.

    De Selding, Peter B. “European Officials Embrace Open Data Policy for GMES Satellites.” Space News, 5 July 2010: 5.

  39. 39.

    Taverna, Michael A. “New Ariane Financing Likely To Be Decided In March.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 10 Jan 2011: 37.

  40. 40.

    De Selding, Peter B. “European Earth Observation program Faces Big Funding Shortfall.” Space News, 5 July 2010: 5.

  41. 41.

    “GMES Chief Tallies Tab for Earth-monitoring System.” Space News, 5 July 2010: 15.

  42. 42.

    “GMES Ground Component Poses Its Own Challenges”. Space News 12 July 2010: 12.

  43. 43.

    “Europe Solicits Ideas for Cubesat Launch Options”. Space News 9 Aug. 2010: 8.

  44. 44.

    “Norway Pledges 70 M Euros As It joins Galileo Programme”. Space News 27 Sept. 2011: 8.

  45. 45.

    Taverna, Michael A. “Network Would Combine AIS And Imaging Satellite Capabilities.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 20 Dec 2010: 86.

  46. 46.

    De Selding, Peter B. “European Weather Satellite Contract Dispute Appears Resolved.” Space News, 28 June 2010: 5.

  47. 47.

    Sparaco, Pierre. “Onera Offers 2050 Technology Road Map.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 22 Nov 2010: 41.

  48. 48.

    Morring, Frank Jr. “French Watchdog Agency Criticizes Syracuse 3 Sell-off.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 14 Feb 2011: 22.

  49. 49.

    “Dnepr Rocket Lofts Trio Of European Satellites.” Space News, 21 June 2010: 9.

  50. 50.

    “France Rethinks Plans for Megasat Broadband Satellite”. Space News 2 Aug. 2010: 3.

  51. 51.

    “French Bond Issue To Fund Rocket, Satellite Projects.” Space News, 7 June 2010: 3.

  52. 52.

    Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. Making Germany’s Space Sector Fit for the Future: The Space Strategy of the German Federal Government. Berlin: BMWI. November 2010: 9.

  53. 53.

    “SOFIA Airborne Telescope Returns First Scientific Images” Space News, 7 June 2010: 9.

  54. 54.

    “Germany Seeks Niche in Telecom Satellite Market.” Space News, 14 June 2010: 12.

  55. 55.

    “German Government Eyes High-Resolution Satellites.” Space News, 14 June 2010: 13.

  56. 56.

    “German Comsat Bw-2 Declared Operational”. Space News 19 July 2010: 9.

  57. 57.

    “United States and Germany Agree to Extend GRACE Mission.” Space News, 14 June 2010: 13.

  58. 58.

    “Germany Still Committed to In-space Satellite Servicing”. Space News 26 July 2010: 12.

  59. 59.

    Italian Space Agency. Strategic Vision 2010–2020. Rome: ASI, 2010.

  60. 60.

    Nativi, Andy and Taverna, Michael A. “Rome, London Seek ways To Compensate For Limited Space Budgets.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 26 Jul 2010: 44.

  61. 61.

    Taverna, Michael A. “Italy’s Plan To Favor National Missions Over ESA.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 3 Jan 2011: 28.

  62. 62.

    Nativi, Andy and Taverna, Michael A. “Rome, London Seek ways To Compensate For Limited Space Budgets.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 26 Jul 2010: 44.

  63. 63.

    “Astrium-led Group to Build Satellite Center in Britain”. Space News 26 July 2010: 8.

  64. 64.

    “White House Calls for Export Control Agency.” Space News, 5 July 2010: 3.

  65. 65.

    Aerospace Industry Association. “Aerospace Industry Sales by Customer 1997–2011.” 2011 http://www.aia-aerospace.org/economics/year_end_review_and_forecast.

  66. 66.

    Aerospace Industry Association. “Aerospace Related Employment 2002–2010.” 2011 http://www.aia-aerospace.org/economics/year_end_review_and_forecast.

  67. 67.

    Antonie, Boessenkool. “DoD: U.S. Space Industry May Lose Edge.” Defense News 25 May 2010 http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4641686.

  68. 68.

    “White House Objects to Imagery Provision in Bill”. Space News 27 Sept. 2011: 3.

  69. 69.

    “Japan’s Ikaros Spacecraft Unfurls Thin-Film Solar Sail” Space News, 14 June 2010: 3.

  70. 70.

    “Partial Privatization Eyed for Japan’s ALOS System.” Space News, 5 July 2010: 15.

  71. 71.

    “JAXA Agrees to Promote Satellite Use in Asia-Pacific”. Space News 2 Aug. 2010: 9.

  72. 72.

    “Japanese Panel to OK Hayabusa-2 Development.” Space News 9 Aug. 2010: 8.

  73. 73.

    “Japan’s Space Budget Request Flat for 2011”. Space News 6 Sept. 2011: 3.

  74. 74.

    “Japanese Cabinet Reshuffle Installs New Space Minister”. Space News 20 Sept. 2011: 3.

  75. 75.

    “Japan’s Spy Satellite Fleet Down to Two Operational Spacecraft”. Space News 6 Sept. 2011: 9.

  76. 76.

    “1st Piece of Chinese Station Assembled for 2011 Launch”. Space News 23 Aug. 2010: 8.

  77. 77.

    “Chinese Earth Observer Launched by Long March”. Space News 23 Aug. 2010: 9.

  78. 78.

    “Long March Rocket Lofts Chinese mapping Satellite”. Space News 30 Aug. 2010: 9.

  79. 79.

    “Indian Telco Regulator OKs Foreign Capital.” Space News, 5 July 2010: 3.

  80. 80.

    “Power Glitch Hobbles India’s Insat-4B Sat.” Space News, 12 July 2010: 3.

  81. 81.

    “India Finalises Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission”. Space News 6 Sept. 2011: 8.

  82. 82.

    “India Tests GSLV-3 Liquid Core Stage”. Space News 13 Sept. 2011: 16.

  83. 83.

    Morring, Frank Jr and Mathews, Neelam. “Indian Space Delivering On Promises To Villages.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 14 June 2010: 66.

  84. 84.

    Morris, Jefferson. “Satellite Tracking Of Ships Demonstrated.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 23 August 2010: 22.

  85. 85.

    “Measat Shareholder Bids For Remainder of Company”. Space News 2 Aug. 2010: 3.

  86. 86.

    “Astrium to Build Imaging Satellite for Vietnam”. Space News 9 Aug. 2010: 9.

  87. 87.

    “ILS Proton Rocket Launches Arabsat’s Badr-5 satellite.” Space News, 7 June 2010: 3.

  88. 88.

    “TV Broadcasts Bound for Iran Intentionally Jammed”. Space News 13 Sept. 2011: 14.

  89. 89.

    Morring, Frank Jr. “UAE, Canada Select Astrium Satcom Terminal.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 28 Feb 2011: 18.

  90. 90.

    “Brazil’s Space Chief Slams Earth Science Privatization”. Space News 26 July 2010: 12.

  91. 91.

    Figures in this section are based on Euroconsult data.

  92. 92.

    The Space Foundation. The Space Report 2010. The Space Foundation: Colorado Springs, 2010: 30.

  93. 93.

    Figures in this section are based on Euroconsult data.

  94. 94.

    Source ESA figures, exchange rate 1 EUR = 1,42158 USD.

  95. 95.

    The data used is the nominal GDP converted to current U.S. dollars using the official exchange rates as indicated by the International Monetary Fund.

  96. 96.

    Gleb, Bryanski. “Russia targets bigger role for space program.” Reuters 8 Apr. 2011

    http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/08/us-russia-space-putin-idUSTRE7366RB20110408.

  97. 97.

    “2010 Futron Forecast of Global Satellite Services Demand: Executive Summary”. 3 Nov. 2010. Futron 21 Feb. 2011 http://www.futron.com/upload/wysiwyg/Resources/Briefs/2010_Futron_Forecast_of_Global_Satellite_Services_Demand_Exe_Summary.pdf.

  98. 98.

    “State of the Satellite Industry Report”. Aug. 2010. Satellite Industry Association and Futron Corp 5 Mar. 2011 http://www.sia.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/2010-State-of-the-Satellite-Industry-Report-Presentation-August-Employment-Update-2010_08.pdf.

    “Satellite Industry Revenues Toped $160B Globally in 09” Space News, 14 June 2010: 8.

  99. 99.

    “2010 Futron Forecast of Global Satellite Services Demand…”: 3.

  100. 100.

    Taverna, Michael A. “Satellite Operators See New TV Standard as Next Holy Grail.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 7 June 2010: 36.

  101. 101.

    Taverna, Michael A. “Satellite Sector Revenues Expected To Double By 2020.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 9 Aug. 2010: 26.

  102. 102.

    Taverna, Michael A. “Inmarsat Set To Provide High-Speed Internet Service.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 16 Aug. 2010: 27.

  103. 103.

    Taverna, Michael A. “Sale Provides Opening In Fast-Growing Ka-Band Segment.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 16 Aug. 2010: 28.

  104. 104.

    Morring, Frank Jr. “Inmarsat Advances On Global Xpress.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 6 Dec. 2010: 22.

  105. 105.

    Taverna, Michael A. “Eutelsat Spacecraft Is First With High-Throughput Internet Access.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 3 Jan. 2011: 29.

  106. 106.

    De Selding, Peter B. “SES Expansion Program to Raise Capacity 30%.” Space News, 7 June 2010: 6.

  107. 107.

    Taverna, Michael A. “Deal Is Hong Kong Operator’s Fourth In Past Year.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 5 July 2010: 41.

  108. 108.

    Anselmo, Joseph C. “Big Government Contracts Bolster Satellite Imagery Companies.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 16 Aug. 2010: 10.

  109. 109.

    Taverna, Michael A. “EO Sector Needs More Public Support To Stand On Its Own.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 4 Oct. 2010: 77.

  110. 110.

    Morring, Frank Jr. “Satellite Operators Now Tracking Each Other’s Spacecraft.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 9 Aug. 2010: 50.

  111. 111.

    Warwick, Graham and Taverna, Michael A. “Tests Planned On Cell-Phone Jamming Of GPS.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 28 Feb. 2011: 48.

  112. 112.

    Taverna, Michael A. “New Cellular System Will Debut In Africa.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 28 Feb. 2011: 49.

  113. 113.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Iridium Selects Thales Alenia To Build Iridium Next Constellation.” Space News, 7 June 2010: 5.

  114. 114.

    “2010 Futron Forecast of Global Satellite Services Demand: Executive Summary”. 3 Nov. 2010. Futron 21 Feb. 2011.

  115. 115.

    “State of the Satellite Industry Report.”, SIA June 2010 http://www.sia.org/news_events/2010_State_of_Satellite_Industry_Report.pdf.

  116. 116.

    “2010 Futron Forecast of Global Satellite Services Demand: Executive Summary…”

  117. 117.

    Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2010 Year in Review. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2011: 3.

  118. 118.

    Taverna, Michael A. “Space Arianespace Says Its Long-Term Viability Is At Stake” Aviation Week & Space Technology 18 Oct. 2010: 31.

  119. 119.

    Warwick, Graham. “Commercial Space Transport Rockets On.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 24 Jan. 2011: 149.

  120. 120.

    “State of Satellite_Industry_Report”. SIA. June 2010 http://www.sia.org/news_events/2010_State_of_Satellite_Industry_Report.pdf.

  121. 121.

    Ibid.

  122. 122.

    “TomTom Annual Report and Accounts 2010.” 23 May 2011. http://ar2010.tomtom.com/home.html.

  123. 123.

    “Garmin Anuual Report 2010.” 23 May 2011. http://www8.garmin.com/aboutGarmin/invRelations/reports/10K_2010.pdf.

  124. 124.

    Peter B., de Selding. “Insurance Premiums Stay Flat Despite W3B Satellite Failure.” Space News, 20 May 2011 http://www.spacenews.com/satellite_telecom/110520-insurance-premiums-flat.html.

  125. 125.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Satellite Insurers on Track for Highly Profitable 2010.” 3 Sept. 2010. Space News 3 Sept. 2010 http://www.spacenews.com/satellite_telecom/100903-satellite-insurers-profitable.html.

  126. 126.

    Collins, Stuart. “Space insurance rates expected to fall in 2011.” 13 Feb. 2011. Business Insurance 24 Feb. 2011 http://www.businessinsurance.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110213/ISSUE03/302139999.

  127. 127.

    Taverna, Michael A. “French Government Credit Guarantee Assures Iridium Next Go-Ahead.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 7 June 2010: 34.

  128. 128.

    De Selding, Peter B. “SES Eyes Improved Gross-Profit Margins Following Sale of ND Satcom Unit.” Space News, 7 June 2010: 6.

  129. 129.

    “Astrium to Lead Studies of Successor to Ariane 5.” Space News 12 July 2010: 8.

  130. 130.

    “Hispasat Orders Another Satellite From Loral.” Space News 12 July 2010: 9.

  131. 131.

    “Norway Considers Second Ship-tracking Satellite.” Space News 12 July 2010: 12.

  132. 132.

    “Italy’s e-Geos Company Turned Profit last Year.” Space News 12 July 2010: 12.

  133. 133.

    “Hispasat: Growth Validates Expansion.” Space News 19 July 2010: 3.

  134. 134.

    “Telenor Revenue Boosted by Nordic HDTV Demand.” Space News 26 July 2010: 8.

  135. 135.

    “RapidEye in Hunt for New Equity Financing.” Space News 13 Sept. 2010: 3.

  136. 136.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Earth Imagery Firm RapidEye Seeking Bankruptcy Protection.” Space News 6 June 2011: 6.

  137. 137.

    “Thales Alenia Begins Work on Turkish Sat.” Space News 13 Sept. 2010: 9.

  138. 138.

    “Astrium to Market Space X Falcon 1 Launches in Europe.” Space News 13 Sept. 2010: 14.

  139. 139.

    “Arianespace Inks Vega Rocket Contracts.” Space News 13 Sept. 2010: 15.

  140. 140.

    “ILS and SES Extend Launch Services Deal.” Space News 13 Sept. 2010: 16.

  141. 141.

    “Indra Buys Remaining 49% of IndraEspacio.” Space News 20 Sept. 2010: 9.

  142. 142.

    Taverna, Michael A. “Waning Support May Undercut Satcom Growth.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 17 Jan. 2011: 30.

  143. 143.

    Klamper, Amy. “Falcon 9 Reaches Orbit in Debut.” Space News 7 June 2010: 1.

  144. 144.

    Klamper, Amy. “Lockheed With Less NASA Oversight, Orion Lifeboat Could Cost $4.5 Billion.” Space News 21 June 2010: 1.

  145. 145.

    “Northrop to Pay $12.5 M In False Claims Case.” Space News 28 June 2010: 8.

  146. 146.

    “Suborbital Price Drop Foreseen by 2014.” Space News 26 July 2010: 3.

  147. 147.

    “Inmarsat Seeks U.S. Ex-Im Backing for Satellite Deal.” Space News 9 Aug. 2010: 4.

  148. 148.

    “Space-X Conducts First Drop Test of Dragon.” Space News 23 Aug. 2010: 3.

  149. 149.

    “Federal Broadband Grants Go to 4 U.S. Satellite Firms.” Space News 23 Aug. 2010: 3.

  150. 150.

    “Three Spaceflyers Return to Earth in Russian Soyuz.” Space News, 7 June 2010: 8.

  151. 151.

    “Russian Proton Launches Trio of Glonass Satellites.” Space News 6 Sept. 2010: 8.

  152. 152.

    “Sea Launch Acquisition Receives U.S. Approval.” Space News 13 Sept. 2011: 3.

  153. 153.

    “Japanese Test Satellite Launched Atop Rockot.” Space News, 7 June 2010: 3.

  154. 154.

    “China Satcom’09 Revue Rose by Nearly 16%.” Space News 2 Aug. 2010: 8.

  155. 155.

    “Long March Rocket Lofts Chinese Navigation Satellite.” Space News 9 Aug. 2010: 9.

  156. 156.

    “AsiaSat Sales and Earnings Post Double-digit Gains.” Space News 23 Aug. 2010: 3.

  157. 157.

    “China’s Sinosat-6 hampered by Leak.” Space News 13 Sept. 2011: 3.

  158. 158.

    “OHB, China Sign Pact For CarbonSat Mission.” Space News 20 Sept. 2011: 8.

  159. 159.

    Perret, Bradley. “Private Investment Leading The way in Indian Aerospace.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 14 June 2010: 51.

  160. 160.

    Ibid.

  161. 161.

    K.S, Jayaraman. “ISRO Team Says Cable Rupture Caused Rocket Failure.”

    31 Dec. 2010. Space News 31 Dec. 2010 http://www.spacenews.com/launch/101231isro-team-says-cable-rupture-caused-rocket-failure.html.

  162. 162.

    Peter B, de Selding, “Eutelsat W3B Declared Total Loss.”, Space News 29 Oct. 2010 http://www.spacenews.com/launch/101029-eutelsat-w3b-declared-total-loss.html.

  163. 163.

    Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space Transportation: 2010 Year in Review…

  164. 164.

    Ibid.

  165. 165.

    Peter B., de Selding. “Delays Continue To Affect Vega, European Soyuz Programs.” 30 Apr. 2010. Space News 4 Mar. 2010 http://www.spacenews.com/launch/100430-delays-vega-european-soyuz.html.

  166. 166.

    Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space Transportation: 2010 Year in Review…

  167. 167.

    Ibid; Payloads are assigned to the nation that commissioned them, not according to the nationality of the manufacturer.

  168. 168.

    Ibid.

  169. 169.

    Space News Staff. “2010: The Year in Review” 13 Dec. 2010. Space News 13 Dec. 2010 http://www.spacenews.com/civil/2010-year-review.html.

  170. 170.

    Ibid.

  171. 171.

    Peter B, de Selding. “RSCC Expansion Continues with Three-satellite Order.” 22 Sept. 2010. Space News 22 Sept. 2010 http://www.spacenews.com/satellite_telecom/100922-rscc-expansion-satellite-order.html.

  172. 172.

    Ibid.

  173. 173.

    K.S, Jayaraman. “ISRO Team Says Cable Rupture Caused Rocket Failure.”

    31 Dec. 2010. Space News 31 Dec. 2010 http://www.spacenews.com/launch/101231isro-team-says-cable-rupture-caused-rocket-failure.html.

  174. 174.

    Turner, Brinton. “U.S. Talks with Allies About buying into WGS.” 10 Sept. 2010. Space News 10 Sept. 2010 http://www.spacenews.com/military/talks-with-allies-about-wgs.html.

  175. 175.

    Ibid.

  176. 176.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Fleet Recapitalization Cycle Likely to End in 2-3Years.” Space News, 5 July 2010: 12.

  177. 177.

    Based on Euroconsult data.

  178. 178.

    Ibid.

  179. 179.

    Space Foundation. The Space Report 2011. Colorado Springs 2011.

  180. 180.

    Based on Euroconsult data.

  181. 181.

    Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space Transportation: 2010 Year in Review…

  182. 182.

    According to Euroconsult data.

  183. 183.

    See above.

  184. 184.

    Based on Euroconsult data.

  185. 185.

    Ibid.

  186. 186.

    Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space Transportation: 2010 Year in Review…

  187. 187.

    Based on Euroconsult data.

  188. 188.

    Rabinowitz, Gavin. “Indian army wants military space program.” 17 June 2008 NBC News 1 Sept. 2010 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25216230/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/indian-army-wants-military-space-program/.

  189. 189.

    Samson, Victoria. “India’s missile defense/anti-satellite nexus.” 10 May 2010. The Space Review 1 Sept. 2010 http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1621/1.

  190. 190.

    Defense News Admin. “India Making Strides in Satellite Technology.” 10 Nov. 2010. Defense News 10 Nov. 2010 http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=old&id=239.

  191. 191.

    Pandit, Rajat. “Military satellite delayed again by a year.” 13 Oct. 2011. The Times of India 4 Aug. 2012 http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-13/india/30274617_1_gsat-7-satellite-indian-space-research-organization.

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Pagkratis, S. (2013). European Space Activities in the Global Context. In: Hulsroj, P., Pagkratis, S., Baranes, B. (eds) Yearbook on Space Policy 2010/2011. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1363-9_1

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