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Plant Internal Oxygen Transport (Diffusion and Convection) and Measuring and Modelling Oxygen Gradients

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Low-Oxygen Stress in Plants

Part of the book series: Plant Cell Monographs ((CELLMONO,volume 21))

Abstract

The parts played by oxygen diffusion (and in some species, convected ‘air’) in facilitating aerobic metabolism in plants subject to soil flooding and submergence are explored. Simple diffusion equations are used to illustrate how resistance and respiration interact to create oxygen gradients and experimental and modelling examples of gradients in roots and the limitations of diffusive transport are presented and discussed. Attention is drawn to the limiting effects of diffusion especially in non-wetland species such as Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, a paucity of root gas-space and a cortical cell configuration found also in crop species, such as pea, tomato and cotton, is particularly unsuited for long-distance oxygen transport. The contrast with other more flood-tolerant Brassicas is highlighted. The relative roles of root aerenchymas and barrier formation to radial oxygen loss in improving oxygen supply and supporting root extension and phytotoxin exclusion in flooded soils are considered. Methods for monitoring radial oxygen loss from roots and oxygen concentrations both within and external to the plant are discussed, as are the results of analogue and more complex mathematical models that predict and explain the role of both diffusive and convective transport in plant aeration. Finally, pressurized gas-flow mechanisms and their ability to overcome diffusion limitations are briefly described and discussed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Although often referred to as the ‘driving force’, ΔC does not affect molecular velocities.

  2. 2.

    Mean free-path length = 67 nm.

  3. 3.

    Expressing such sudden changes in oxygen concentration by volume can be avoided by expressing data in terms of oxygen partial pressure since this does not significantly alter at an air–water interface.

  4. 4.

    The water-filled interstices through which oxygen diffuses in primary cell walls may occupy about 50 % of the total wall volume (fractional porosity, ε = 0.5) but with a tortuosity which doubles path length (τ = 0.5) (Nobel 1991). For a planar cell wall of area 1 cm2 and thickness of say 0.3 μm the diffusive resistance would be 0.3 × 10−4/2 × 10−5 × 0.5 × 0.5 × 1, or 6 s cm−3. This is a very small value (5 %) compared with the resistance across a non-occluded water path of say 25 μm which would be 25 × 10−4/2 × 10−5, or 125 s cm−3.

  5. 5.

    The degree to which the potential convection from an individual shoot is realized can be expressed as a delivery coefficient: 1 − (ΔP d/ΔP s) (Beckett et al. 2001) where ΔP d = dynamic pressure at the base during convection and ΔP s = static pressure differential (maximum pressure developed with outflow blocked and equal rates of incoming and outgoing molecules).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, UK

    W. Armstrong & J. Armstrong

  2. School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia

    W. Armstrong & J. Armstrong

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  1. W. Armstrong
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  1. RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Joost T. van Dongen

  2. Scuola Superiore Sant´Anna, Pisa, Italy

    Francesco Licausi

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Armstrong, W., Armstrong, J. (2014). Plant Internal Oxygen Transport (Diffusion and Convection) and Measuring and Modelling Oxygen Gradients. In: van Dongen, J., Licausi, F. (eds) Low-Oxygen Stress in Plants. Plant Cell Monographs, vol 21. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1254-0_14

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