Skip to main content

Clot Formation, Vascular Repair and Hematoma Resolution After ICH, a Coordinating Role for Thrombin?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Intracerebral Hemorrhage Research

Part of the book series: Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementum ((NEUROCHIRURGICA,volume 111))

Abstract

Following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) there is a sequential response involving activation of the coagulation cascade/platelet plug formation, vascular repair, upregulation of endogenous defense mechanisms and clot resolution. How these responses are coordinated and modified by different hematoma sizes has received little attention. This paper reviews evidence that thrombin can modulate and may coordinate the components of the endogenous response. This has potential consequences for treatment of ICH with a number of modalities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Wu J, Hua Y, Keep RF, Nakamura T, Hoff JT, Xi G (2003) Iron and iron-handling proteins in the brain after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 34:2964–2969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, Broderick J, Davis S, Diringer MN, Skolnick BE, Steiner T (2008) Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 358:2127–2137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Mendelow AD, Unterberg A (2007) Surgical treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage. Curr Opin Crit Care 13:169–174

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Zhao X, Sun G, Zhang J, Strong R, Song W, Gonzales N, Grotta JC, Aronowski J (2007) Hematoma resolution as a target for intracerebral hemorrhage treatment: role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in microglia/macrophages. Ann Neurol 61:352–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hua Y, Nakamura T, Keep RF, Wu J, Schallert T, Hoff JT, Xi G (2006) Long-term effects of experimental intracerebral hemorrhage: the role of iron. J Neurosurg 104:305–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Xi G, Keep RF, Hoff JT (2006) Mechanisms of brain injury after intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet Neurol 5:53–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Huttner HB, Steiner T (2010) Coagulopathy-related intracerebral hemorrhage. In: Carhuapoma JR, Mayer SA, Hanley DF (eds) Intracerebral hemorrhage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 58–70

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dolinskas CA, Bilaniuk LT, Zimmerman RA, Kuhl DE (1977) Computed tomography of intracerebral hematomas. I. Transmission CT observations on hematoma resolution. Am J Roentgenol 129:681–688

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Xi G, Reiser G, Keep RF (2003) The role of thrombin and thrombin receptors in ischemic, hemorrhagic and traumatic brain injury: deleterious or protective? J Neurochem 84:3–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hristov M, Weber C, Hristov M, Weber C (2008) Endothelial progenitor cells in vascular repair and remodeling. Pharm Res 58:148–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Urbich C, Dimmeler S, Urbich C, Dimmeler S (2004) Endothelial progenitor cells: characterization and role in vascular biology. Circ Res 95:343–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Nagy Z, Kolev K, Csonka E, Pek M, Machovich R (1995) Contraction of human brain endothelial cells induced by thrombogenic and fibrinolytic factors. An in vitro cell culture model. Stroke 26:265–270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Shatos MA, Orfeo T, Doherty JM, Penar PL, Collen D, Mann KG (1995) Alpha-thrombin stimulates urokinase production and DNA synthesis in cultured human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15:903–911

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cavanaugh KP, Gurwitz D, Cunningham DD, Bradshaw RA (1990) Reciprocal modulation of astrocyte stellation by thrombin and protease nexin-1. J Neurochem 54:1735–1743

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dodge AB, Hechtman HB, Shepro D (1991) Microvascular endothelial-derived autacoids regulate pericyte contractility. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 18:180–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Stouffer GA, Runge MS (1998) The role of secondary growth factor production in thrombin-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Sem Thromb Hemost 24:145–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Yang S, Song S, Hua Y, Nakamura T, Keep RF, Xi G (2008) Effects of thrombin on neurogenesis after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 39:2079–2084

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Masuda T, Dohrmann GJ, Kwaan HC, Erickson RK, Wollman RL (1988) Fibrinolytic activity in experimental intracerebral hematoma. J Neurosurg 68:274–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM, Murray GD, Teasdale GM, Hope DT, Karimi A, Shaw MD, Barer DH (2005) Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet 365:387–397

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hua Y, Xi G, Keep RF, Hoff JT (2000) Complement activation in the brain after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 92:1016–1022

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhao X, Grotta J, Gonzales N, Aronowski J, Zhao X, Grotta J, Gonzales N, Aronowski J (2009) Hematoma resolution as a therapeutic target: the role of microglia/macrophages. Stroke 40:S92–S94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Eastman D, Wurm FM, van Reis R, Higgins DL (1992) A region of tissue plasminogen activator that affects plasminogen activation differentially with various fibrin(ogen)-related stimulators. Biochemistry 31:419–422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gong Y, Xi GH, Keep RF, Hoff JT, Hua Y (2005) Complement inhibition attenuates brain edema and neurological deficits induced by thrombin. Acta Neurochir Suppl 95:389–392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hua Y, Keep RF, Hoff JT, Xi G (2003) Thrombin preconditioning attenuates brain edema induced by erythrocytes and iron. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23:1448–1454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wagner KR, Sharp FR, Ardizzone TD, Lu A, Clark JF, Wagner KR, Sharp FR, Ardizzone TD, Lu A, Clark JF (2003) Heme and iron metabolism: role in cerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23:629–652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wu H, Zhao R, Qi J, Cong Y, Wang D, Liu T, Gu Y, Ban X, Huang Q, Wu H, Zhao R, Qi J, Cong Y, Wang D, Liu T, Gu Y, Ban X, Huang Q (2008) The expression and the role of protease nexin-1 on brain edema after intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci 270:172–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hua Y, Xi G, Keep RF, Wu J, Jiang Y, Hoff JT (2002) Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 induction after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22:55–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Liu CY, Nossel HL, Kaplan KL (1979) The binding of thrombin by fibrin. J Biol Chem 254:10421–10425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lee KR, Colon GP, Betz AL, Keep RF, Kim S, Hoff JT (1996) Edema from intracerebral hemorrhage: the role of thrombin. J Neurosurg 84:91–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kitaoka T, Hua Y, Xi G, Hoff JT, Keep RF (2002) Delayed argatroban treatment reduces edema in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 33:3012–3018

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Morgenstern LB, Demchuk AM, Kim DH, Frankowski RF, Grotta JC (2001) Rebleeding leads to poor outcome in ultra-early craniotomy for intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 56:1294–1299

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest statement

We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard F. Keep .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag/Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Keep, R.F., Xi, G., Hua, Y., Xiang, J. (2011). Clot Formation, Vascular Repair and Hematoma Resolution After ICH, a Coordinating Role for Thrombin?. In: Zhang, J., Colohan, A. (eds) Intracerebral Hemorrhage Research. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementum, vol 111. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-0692-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-0693-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics