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Protective and Pathological Immune Responses in the CNS pp 1–22Cite as

Hierarchy of Immune Responses to Antigen in the Normal Brain

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Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 265))

Abstract

For approximately 100 years the brain has been classified as an “immunologically privileged organ” based on the observations that tissue transplants into cerebral cortex survive longer than tissue transplants into conventional peripheral sites (Shirai 1921; Murphy and Sturm 1923; Medawar 1948; Scheinberg et al. 1966). Various conclusions and presumptions were attributed to these studies, including two predominant beliefs that: (1) there is no lymphatic drainage to alert the immune system to the presence of antigen in the brain (afferent arm of immunity), and (2) the tight endothelial junctions of the cerebral vasculature (blood-brain barrier; BBB) prevent blood lymphocytes from facilitating antigen elimination in the brain (efferent arm of immunity; for reviews see Barker and Billingham 1977; Brent 1990; Waksman 1998).

“Indeed, an isolated brain is a piece of biological nonsense as meaningless as an isolated individual.”

Sir Julian Huxley (1887–1975) (from Restak 1979)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA

    C. J. Harling-Berg & J. J. Hallett

  2. Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, RI, 02860, USA

    C. J. Harling-Berg & J. J. Hallett

  3. Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA

    J. T. Park

  4. Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02912, USA

    J. T. Park

  5. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Box G-B4, Providence, RI, 02912, USA

    P. M. Knopf

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  1. C. J. Harling-Berg
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, 1020 Locust St., 19107-6799, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Bernhard Dietzschold

  2. USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, 2300 Dayton Ave, P.O. Box 70, 50010, Ames, IA, USA

    Jürgen A. Richt D.V.M., Ph.D.

  3. Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 107, 35392, Giessen, Germany

    Jürgen A. Richt D.V.M., Ph.D.

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Harling-Berg, C.J., Hallett, J.J., Park, J.T., Knopf, P.M. (2002). Hierarchy of Immune Responses to Antigen in the Normal Brain. In: Dietzschold, B., Richt, J.A. (eds) Protective and Pathological Immune Responses in the CNS. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 265. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09525-6_1

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