Abstract
On March 16, 1978, the supertanker AMOCO CADIZ of the Standard Oil Company ran aground on a rocky reef about 2.5 km off Portsall, France, on the southeast shore of the Channel, and spilled about 200,000 tonnes of crude oil.
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“The oil caused the usual impacts. It smothered recreational beaches and attractive rocky shores, it matted and killed waterfowl, and it contaminated fish and shellfish. These are the short-term impacts. We now know that long-term impacts were started also. In 1985 there were still a few hard, brittle, asphalt pavements, partly capping, or buried in, sandy beaches.”
“New Delhi — An appeals court judge Monday ordered the Union Carbide Corp. to pay $195 million in immediate compensation to victims of the 1984 Bhopal toxic gas spill, ruling that the company’s liability had been adequately established without a trial” Daily Newspaper, April 5, 1988.
“Accidents in the Soviet Union for one reason or another slowly develop, so that the newspapers were watching, as it were, a nuclear disaster in slow motion or a jigsaw gradually being pieced together” (Herbert 1987).
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References
Case 1. AMOCO CADIZ(France)
Anon (1978) The Amoco Cadiz pollution disaster. Report on the British pollution clearance operation. Dep Trade, UK
Anon (1979) Case history — the Amoco Cadiz. Proc 1979 Oil Spill Conf Los Angeles, Mar 19–22, 1979, pp 141–200 (7 articles)
Anon (1982) Ecological study of the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Rep NOAA-CNEXO Joint Sci Comm, 451 pp
Anon (1988) Amoco told to pay $85.2 million for 1978 oil disaster off Brittanny. Associated Press Jan 12
Boesch DF, Rabalais NC (eds) (1987) Long-term environmental effects of offshore oil and gas development. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 697 pp
Brule T (1987) The reproductive biology and the pathological changes of the plaice Pleuronectesplatesa (L.) after the “Amoco Cadiz” oil spill along the north-west coast of Brittany. J Mar Biol AssocUK 67:237–247
Conan G, D’Ozouville L, Marchand M (1978) Amoco Cadiz. CNEXO, Actes Coll 6, 227 pp
Conan G, Laubier L, Marchand L, D’Ozouville L (eds) (1981) Amoco Cadiz. Fates and effects of the oil spill. Publ CNEXO, Actes Coll Int, 881 pp
Courtot P, Morel G (1986) Evolution of the Amoco-Cadiz hydrocarbons in the River Aber-Benoit. In: Giam CS, Dou HJ-M (eds) Strategies and advanced techniques for marine pollution studies. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 327–357
Fairhall D, Jordan P (1980) Black tide rising. The wreck of the Amoco Cadiz. Deutsch, London, 247 pp
Fontanel A (1984) Presentation of maps showing the drift of the oil from the Amoco Cadiz. In: Massin JM (ed) Remote sensing for the control of marine pollution. Plenum, New York, 466 pp
Grigalunas TA (1982) Accidental pollution: a case study of the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. In: Tippie VK, Kester DR (eds) Impact of marine pollution on society, unit 2. Praeger, New York, pp 87–126 (313 pp)
Gundlach ER, Boehm PD, Marchand M, Atlas RM, Ward DM, Wolfe DA (1983) The fate of Amoco Cadiz oil. Science 221:122–129
Herbert A (1987) Chernobyl: how the cover was blown. New Sci 114(1557):34–36
Hess WN (ed) (1978) The Amoco Cadiz oil spill. US NOAA/EPA Spec Rep
Kasoulides G (1988) Amoco Cadiz damages awarded. Mar Pollut Bull 19(4): 150–151
Le Moal Y (1981) Ecologie dynamique des plages touchées par la marée noire de l“Amoco Cadiz”. D Thesis, Univ Bret, Occ
Lewis J, Spooner MF (1978) Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Mar Pollut Bull 9(11):281–311
Owens EH, Robson W (1985) The Amoco Cadiz incident. Site visits seven years after the spill. Rep Environ Protect Serv Can EE-63, 13 pp
Page DS, Foster JC, Fickett PM, Gilfillan ES (1988) Identification of petroleum sources in an area impacted by the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Mar Pollut Bull 19(3): 107–115
Seip KL (1984) The Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Five years after. Cent Ind Res Oslo Rep 1, 38 pp
Vacelet E, Mille G, Le Campion-Alsumard T, Plante-Cuny M-R (1985) Evolution of bacterial populations in salt marsh sediments of Ile Grande polluted by Amoco Cadiz. Int Rev Gesamt Hydrobiol 70(6):815–827
Vandermeulen JH (1981) Contamination des organismes marins par les hydrocarbures. Note de synthèse. In: Conan G, Laubier L, Marchand M, d’Ozouville L (eds) Amoco Cadiz Fates and effects of the oil spill. Publ CNEXO Actes Coll Int, pp 563–572 (881 pp)
Vandermeulen JH, Buckley DE, Levy EM, Long BFN, McLaren P, Wells PG (1978) Preliminary report — Bedford Institute of Oceanography Scientific visit to “Amoco Cadiz” spill site. Spill Tech Newslett 3(2):7–13
Case 2. Bhopal(India)
Agarwal A (1985) The cloud over Bhopal. New Sci 1484:38–41
Anon (1984) Home truths about Bhopal. New Sci 1434:2
Anon (1986) Rats provide model for Bhopal poisoning. New Sci 1493:31
Anon (1988a) Bhopal. Absolutely liable. Economist 308(7560):61
Anon (1988b) Bhopal’s victims still wait. Economist 307(7550):38–39
Appen (1986) The Bhopal tragedy — one year after. Friends of the Earth, Malaysia, 235 pp
Diamond S (1985) The disaster in Bhopal; workers recall horror. New York Times 134: 46395, Jan 30, 1985. pp Al, A6
Kalelkar AS (1988) Investigation of large-magnitude incidents: Bhopal as a case study. Inst Chem Eng Conf Preventing major chemical accidents. AD Little, London
Milne R (1988) “Act of sabotage” killed thousands at Bhopal. New Sci 1613:28
Shrivastava P (1987) Bhopal. Anatomy of a crisis. Ballinger, Cambridge, USA, 184 pp
Weir D (1987) The Bhopal syndrome. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, 210 pp
Case 3. Chernobyl(U. S. S. R.)
Anon (1987) The Chernobyl effect. New Sci 114(1557):34–54
Buesseler KO (1987) Chernobyl: oceanographic studies in the Black Sea. Oceanus 30(3):23–30
Edwards M (1987) Chernobyl — one year after. Natl Geogr 171(5):632–653
Gale RP, Hauser T (1988) Final warning. The legacy of Chernobyl. Warner, New York, 230 pp
Herbert R (1987) Chernobyl: how the cover was blown. New Sci 114(1557):34–36
Marples DR (1986) Chernobyl and nuclear power in the USSR. MacMillan London, UK, 228 pp
Marples DR (1988) The social impact of the Chernobyl disaster. Univ Press, Alberta, 313 pp
Simmonds J (1987) Europe calculates the health risk. New Sci 114(1557):40–43
Wasserman H, Solomon N (1982) Killing our own. Delacorte, New York, 368 pp
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© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Ellis, D. (1989). Spills — AMOCO CADIZ (France), Bhopal (India), Chernobyl (U.S.S.R.). In: Environments at Risk. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74772-4_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74772-4_7
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