Abstract
The humoral immune response is reduced during the neonatal period. In my opinion, this is mainly due to immature cell functions and a paucity of stimulation by exogenous antigens. The widely accepted concept that active suppression contributes to this relative immunoincompetence will be challenged in this article.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andersson JP, Andersson U, Ernberg I, Britton S, De Ley M (1985) Effects of pure interferons on Epstein-Barr virus infection in vitro. J Virol 54: 615–618.
Andersson U (1985) Development of B lymphocyte function in childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand 74: 568–573.
Andersson U, Bird AG, Britton S, Palacios R (1981) Humoral and cellular immunity in humans studied at the cell level from birth to two years of age. Immunol Rev 57: 5–38.
Andersson U, Britton S, De Ley M, Bird G (1983) Evidence for the ontogenetic precedence of suppressor T cell functions in the human neonate. Eur J Immunol 13: 6–13.
Asma GEM, van den Berg RL, Vossen JM (1983) Use of monoclonal antibodies in a study of the development of T lymphocytes in the human fetus. Clin Exp Immunol 53: 429–436.
Cowan JM, Ammann AJ, Wara DW, Howie VM, Schultz L, Doyle N, Kaplan M (1978) Pneumococcal polysaccharide immunization in infants and children. Pediatrics 62: 721–727.
Dancis J, Osborn JJ, Kung HW (1953) Studies of immunology of the newborn infant: IV. Antibody formation in the premature infant. Pediatrics 12: 151–156.
Dawodu AH (1985) Tuberculin conversion following BCG vaccination in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr Scand 74: 564–567.
D’Eustachio P, Rutishouser US, Edelman GM (1977) Clonal selection and the ontogeny of the immune response. In: Bourne GH, Danielli JF, Jean KW (eds) International review of cytology, suppl 5. Academic, New York, pp 1–60.
Durandy A, Fischer A, Griscelli C (1979) Active suppression of B lymphocyte maturation by two different newborn T lymphocyte subsets. J Immunol 123: 2644–2650.
Edwards JA, Jones DB, Evans PR, Smith JL (1985) Differential expression of HLA class II antigens on human fetal and adult lymphocytes and macrophages. Immunology 55: 489–500.
Fernandez C, Möller G (1977) Immunological unresponsiveness to thymus independent antigens: Two functionally different genetic mechanisms of B cell unresponsiveness to dextran. J Exp Med 146: 1663–1677.
Fink CW, Miller WE Jr, Dorward B, LoSpatullo J (1962) Formation of macroglobulin antibodies. II. Studies on neonatal infants and older children. J Clin Invest 41: 1422–1428.
Foa R, Giubellino MC, Fierro MT, Lusso P, Ferrando ML (1984) Immature T lymphocytes in human cord blood identified by monoclonal antibodies: A model for the study of the differentiation pathway of T cells in humans. Cell Immunol 89: 194–201.
Fong S, Tsoukas CD, Frincke LA, Lawrance SK, Holbrook TL, Vaughan JH, Carson DA (1981) Ageassociated changes in Epstein-Barr virus-induced human lymphocyte autoantibody responses. J. Immunol 126: 910–914.
Forbes IJ, Zalewski PD, Valente L, Gee D (1982) Two maturation-associated mouse erythrocyte receptors of human B cells. Clin exp Immunol 47: 396–404.
Forsgren A, Svedjelund A, Wigzell H (1976) Lymphocyte stimulation by protein A of Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Immunol 6: 207–213.
Gandini M, Kubagawa H, Gathings WE, Lawton AR (1981) Expression of three immunoglobulin isotypes by individual B cells during development: Implication for heavy chain switching. Am J Reprod Immunol 1: 161–163.
Gathings WE, Kubagawa H, Cooper MD (1981) A distinctive pattern of B cell immaturity in perinatal humans. Immunol Rev 57: 107–126.
Gerli R, Rambotti P, Cernetti C, Verlardi A, Spinozzi F, Tabilio A, Martelli MF, Grignani F, Davis S (1984) A mature thymocyte-like phenotypic pattern on human cord circulating T lymphoid cells. J Clin Immunol 4: 461–468.
Gold R, Lepow ML, Goldschneider I, Draper TL, Gotschlich EC (1975) Clinical evaluation of group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines in infants. J Clin Invest 56: 1536–1547.
Golding B, Muchmore AV, Blaese RM (1984) Newborn and Wiskott-Aldrich patient B cells can be activated by TNP-Brucella abortus: Evidence that TNF-Brucella abortus behaves as a T-independent type 1 antigen in humans. J Immunol 133: 2966–2971.
Gonwa TA, Picker LI, Raff HV, Goyert SM, Silver J, Stobo JD (1983) Antigen-presenting capabilities of human monocytes correlates with their expression of HLA-DS, an Ia determinant distinct from HLA-DR. J Immunol 130: 706–711.
Granberg C, Hirvonen T, Toivanen P (1979) Cell-mediated lympholysis by human maternal and neonatal lymphocytes: mother’s reactivity against neonatal cells and vice versa. J Immunol 123: 2563–2567.
Grayson J, Dooley NJ, Koski IR, Blaese RM (1981) Immunoglobulin production induced in vitro by glucocorticoid hormones. J Clin Invest 68: 1539–1547.
Griffiths-Chu S, Patterson JAK, Berger CL, Edelson RL, Chu AC (1984) Characterization of immature T cell subpopulations in neonatal blood. Blood 64: 296–300.
Hayward AR (1981) Development of lymphocyte responses and interactions in the human fetus and newborn. Immunol Rev 57: 39–60.
Hayward AR, Lawton AR (1977) Induction of plasma cell differentiation of human fetal lymphocytes: evidence for functional immaturity of T and B cells. J Immunol 119: 1213–1217.
Hayward AR, Lydyard PM (1979) B cell function in the newborn. Pediatrics 64: 758–764.
Hellström U, Perlmann P, Robertsson ES (1978) Receptors for Helix pomatia: A haemagglutinin on a subpopulation of human B cells. Scand J Immunol 7: 191–197.
Hoffman AA, Hayward AR, Kurnick JT, Defreitos EC, McGregor J, Harbeck RJ (1981) Presentation of antigen by human newborn monocytes to maternal tetanus toxoid-specific T-cell blasts. J Clin Immunol 1: 217–221.
Holland NH, Holland P (1966) Immunological maturation in an infant of an agammaglobulinemic mother. Lancet 2: 1152–1155.
Johnsen SA, Olofsson A, Green K, Olding LB (1983) Strong suppression by mononuclear leukocytes from cord blood of human newborns on maternal leukocytes associated with differences in sensitivity to prostaglandin E2. Am J Reprod Immunol 4: 45–49.
Keightly RG, Cooper MD, Lawton AR (1976) The T cell dependence of B cell differentiation induced by pokeweed mitogen. J Immunol 117: 1538–1544.
Kobayashi RH, Hyman CJ, Stiehm ER (1980) Immunologic maturation in an infant born to a mother with agammaglobulinemia. Am J Dis Child 134: 942–944.
Lanzavecchia A (1985) Antigen-specific interaction between T and B cells. Nature 314: 537–539.
Lauersen HB, Christensen MF (1973) Immunoglobulins in normal infant born of severe hypoglobulinemic mother. Arch Dis Child 48: 646–648.
Lawler SD, Ukaljiofa EO, Reeves BR (1975) Interaction of maternal and neonatal cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Lancet 2: 1185–1187.
Lee CYG, Hwang LY, Beasly RP, Chen SH, Lee TY (1983) Immunogenicity of hepatitis B virus vaccine in healthy Chinese neonates. J Infect Dis 148: 526–529.
Levitt D, Stull DD, Lawton AR (1981) T cell-dependent and independent plasma cell-differentiation induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 18: 309–321.
Maccario R, Nespoli L, Mingrat G, Vitiello A, Ugazio AG, Burgio GR (1983) Lymphocyte subpopulations in the neonate: Identification of an immature subset of OKT8 positive OKT3 negative cells. J Immunol 130: 1129–1131.
Meuer SC, Acuto O, Hussey RE, Hodgdon JC, Fitzgerald KA, Schlossman SF, Reinherz EC (1983) Evidence for the T3-associated 90 kd heterodimer as the T cell antigen receptor. Nature 303: 808–810.
Meuer SC, Hussey RE, Fabbi M, Fox D, Acuto O, Fitzgerald KA, Hodgdon JC, Protentis JP, Schlossman SF, Reinherz EL (1984) An alternative pathway of T cell activation: A functional role of the 50 kd Til sheep erythrocyte receptor protein. Cell 36: 897–906.
Miller KM, Pittard WB, Sorensen RU (1984) Cord blood B cell differentiation. Synergistic effect of pokeweed mitogen and Staphylococcus aureus on in vitro differentiation of B cells from human neonates. Clin Exp Immunol 56: 415–424.
Miyawaki T, Moriya N, Nagaoki T, Taniguchi N (1981) Maturation of B cell differentiation ability and T cell regulatory function in infancy and childhood. Immunol Rev 57: 61–87.
Miyawaki T, Yachie A, Nagaoki T, Mukai M, Yokoi T, Uwadana N, Taniguchi N (1982) Expression ability of Ia antigens on T cell subsets defined by monoclonal antibodies on pokeweed mitogen stimulation in early human life. J Immunol 128: 11–15.
Möller G (1984) B cell growth and differentiation factors. Munksgaard, Copenhagen (Immunology review, vol 78)
Mond JJ, Scher I, Blaese RM, Mosier DE, Paul WE (1978) T-independent responses in B cell-defective CBA/N mice to Brucella abortus and to trinitrophenyl (TNP) conjugates of Brucella abortus. Eur J Immunol 8: 459–463.
Morimoto C, Letvin NL, Boyd AW, Hagan M, Brown HM, Kornachi MM, Schlossman SF (1985) The isolation and characterization of the human helper inducer T cell subset. J Immunol 134: 3762–3769.
Morito T, Bankhurst AD, Williams RC (1979) Studies of human cord blood and adult lymphocyte interactions with in vitro immunoglobulin production. J Clin Invest 64: 990–995.
Nakagawa T, Hirano T, Nakagaawa N, Yoshizaki K, Kishimoto T (1985) Effect of recombinant IL-2 and IFN-γ on proliferation and differentiation of human B cells. J Immunol 134: 959–966.
Olding LB, Oldstone MBA (1976) Thymus-derived peripheral lymphocytes from human newborns inhibit division of their mothers’ lymphocytes. J Immunol 116: 682–686.
Olding LB, Benirschke K, Oldstone MBA (1974) Inhibition of mitosis of lymphocytes from human adults by lymphocytes from human newborns. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 3: 79–89.
Olding LB, Murgita RA, Wigzell H (1977) Mitogen-stimulated lymphoid cells from human newborns suppress the proliferation of maternal lymphocytes across a cell-impermeable membrane. J Immunol 119: 1109–1114.
Orson FM, De Sean V, Pike S, Blaese RM (1984) Glucocorticosteroids stimulate polyclonal immunoglobulin production by cord blood mononuclear cells. J Immunol 133: 208–212.
Oxelius VA, Svenningsen NW (1984) IgG subclass concentrations in preterm neonates. Acta Paediatr Scand 73: 626–630.
Pabst HF, Kreth HW (1980) Ontogeny of the immune response as a basis of childhood disease. J Pediatr 97: 519–534.
Palacios R, Andersson U (1982) Autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in human cord blood lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 66: 88–98.
Pascal CP, Galanoud P, Dormont J, Wallon C (1980) Primary in vitro antibody response in human cord blood lymphocytes. J Reprod Immunol 1: 275–283.
Pedersen SA, Petersen J, Andersen V (1983) Suppression of B lymphocytes in mature newborn infants. Acta Paediatr Scand 72: 441–447.
Pereira S, Webster D, Platts-Mills T (1982) Immature B cells in fetal development and immunodeficiency: studies of IgM, IgG, IgA and IgD production in vitro using Epstein-Barr virus activation. Eur J Immunol 12: 540–546.
Perkins FT, Yetts R, Gaisford W (1958) Serological response of infants to poliomyelitis vaccine. Br Med J 2: 68–71.
Provenzano RW, Wellerlow LH, Sullivan CL (1965) Immunization and antibody response in the newborn infant: I. Pertussis inoculation within twenty-four hours of birth. N Engl J Med 273: 959–965.
Reinherz EL, Kung PC, Goldstein G, Levey RH, Schlossman SF (1980) Discrete stages of human intrathymic differentiation: analysis of normal thymocytes and leukemic lymphoblasts of T cell lineage. Proc Natl Acad SCI USA 77: 1588–1592.
Rodriguez MA, Bankhurst AD, Ceuppens JL, Williams RC Jr (1981) Characterization of the supressor cell activity in human cord blood lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 68: 1577–1585.
Romagnani S, Del Prete GF, Maggi E, Falagiani P, Ricci M (1980) T cell-independence of immunoglobulin synthesis by human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with SpA-containing Staphylococci. Immunology 41: 921–928.
Rosenthal P, Rimm IJ, Umiel T, Griffin JD, Osathanondh R, Schlossman SF, Nadler LM (1983) Ontogeny of human hematopoietic cells: Analysis utilizing monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol 131: 232–237.
Rowe M, De Gast GC, Platts-Mills TAE, Asherson GL, Webster ADB, Johnson SM (1980) Lymphocyte 5’-nucleotidase in primary hypogammaglobulinemia and cord blood. Clin Exp Immunol 39: 337–343.
Ruuskanen O, Pittard WB, Miller K, Pierce G, Sorensen RU, Polmar SH (1980) Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1-induced immunoglobulin production in human cord blood lymphocytes. J Immunol 125: 411–413.
Scala G, Oppenheim JJ (1983) Antigen presentation by human monocytes: Evidence for stimulant processing and requirement for interleukin 1. J Immunol 131: 1160–1166.
Smith RT, Eitzman DV, Catlin ME, Wirtz OE, Miller BE (1964) The development of the immune response. Characterization of the response of the human infant and adult to immunization with Salmonella vaccines. Pediatrics 68: 163–183.
South MA (1972) Lack of immune response to Hemophilus influenza: immune paralysis or immaturity? J Pediatr 80: 348–350.
Tan PLJ, Shore A (1984) Thymosin induces helper function in OKT3-positive E-rosette-negative human cord blood T cells. Scand J Immunol 20: 27–34.
Taylor S, Bryson Y (1985) Impaired production of γ-interferon by newborn cells in vitro is due to a functionally immature macrophage. J Immunol 134: 1493–1497.
Thomas RM, Linch DC (1983) Identification of lymphocyte subsets in the newborn using a variety of monoclonal antibodies. Arch Dis Child 58: 34–38.
Tosato G, Magrath IT, Koski IR, Dooley NJ, Blaese RM (1980) B cell differentiation and immunoregulatory T cell function in human cord blood lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 66: 383–388.
Uhr JW, Dancis J, Franklin EC, Finkelstein MS, Lewis EW (1962) The antibody response to bacterio-phage 0174 in newborn premature infants. J Clin Invest 41: 1509–1513.
Vahlquist B (1949) Response of infants to diphtheria immunization. Lancet I: 16–18.
Van Tol MJD, Ziljsha J, Thomas CMG, Zegers BJM, Ballieux RE (1984a) Distinct role of neonatal and adult monocytes in the regulation of the in vitro antigen-induced plaqueforming cell response in man. J Immunol 134: 1902–1908.
Van Tol MJD, Ziljsha J, Thomas CMG, Zegers BJM, Ballieux RE (1984b) Antigen-induced plaqueforming cell responses in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of human neonates and infants. J Pediatr 105: 738–744.
Wakasugi N, Virelizier JL (1985) Defective IFN-γ production in the human neonate. I. Dysregulation rather than intrinsic abnormality. J Immunol 134: 167–171.
Wakasugi N, Virelizier JL, Arenzana-Seiscledos F, Rothhut B, Huerta JMM, Russo-Marie F, Fiers W (1985) Defective IFN-γ production in the human neonate. II. Role of increased sensitivity to the suppressive effects of prostaglandin E. J Immunol 134: 172–176.
Yachie A, Miyawaki T, Nagaoki T, Yokoi T, Mukai M, Uwadana N, Taniguchi N (1981) Regulation of B cell differentiation by T cell subsets defined with monoclonal OKT4 and OKT8 antibodies in human cord blood. J Immunol 127: 1314–1317.
Yarehoan R, Nelson D (1983) A study of the functional capabilities of human neonatal lymphocytes for in vitro specific antibody production. J Immunol 131: 1222–1228.
Zlabinger GJ, Mannhalter JW, Eibl MM (1983) Cord blood macrophages present bacterial antigen (Escherichia coli) to patemal T cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 28: 405–411.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Andersson, U. (1987). Regulation of Antibody Synthesis in the Neonate. In: Burgio, G.R., Hanson, L.Å., Ugazio, A.G. (eds) Immunology of the Neonate. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71094-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71094-0_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-71096-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-71094-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive