Abstract
The essential stages in the formation of an image in an electron microscope can be described in terms of the Abbe Theory of the formation of the image by the objective lens. Although this is a wave theory, we may illustrate it by reference to the geometric optics diagram, Fig. 1.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allpress, J.G., Sanders, J.V.: The direct observation of the structure of real crystals by lattice imaging. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 6, 165–190 (1973).
Anstis, G.R., Lynch, D.F., Moodie, A.F., O’Keefe, M.: n-Beam lattice images III. Upper limits of ionicity in W4Nb26O77. Acta Cryst. A 29, 138–147 (1973).
Buseck, P.R., Iijima, S.: High resolution electron microscopy of silicates. Am. Mineralogist 59, 1–21 (1974).
Cowley, J.M.: The electron-optical imaging of crystal lattices. Acta Cryst. 12, 367–375 (1959).
Cowley, J.M.: High-resolution dark field electron microscopy, I. Useful approximations. Acta Cryst. A 29, 529–536 (1973a).
Cowley, J.M.: High-resolution dark field electron microscopy, II. Short-range order in crystals. Acta Cryst. A 29, 537–540 (1973b).
Cowley, J.M.: The principles of high resolution electron microscopy. In: Principles and techniques of electron microscopy (ed. M.A. Hayat). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1974.
Cowley, J.M.: Diffraction physics. Amsterdam: North Holland 1975.
Cowley, J.M., Iijima, S.: Electron microscope image contrast for thin crystals. Z. Naturforsch. 27 a, 445–451 (1972).
Cowley, J.M., Moodie, A.F.: The scattering of electrons by atoms and crystals, I. A new theoretical approach. Acta Cryst. 10, 609–619 (1957).
Cowley, J.M., Moodie, A.F.: Fourier images IV. Phase gratings. Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 76, 378–384 (1960).
Fejes, P.L.: High resolution lattice images. Ph. D. Thesis, Arizona State University (1973).
Fejes, P.L., Iijima, S., Cowley, J.M.: Periodicity in thickness of electron-microscope crystal-lattice images. Acta Cryst. A 29, 710–714 (1973).
Goodman, P., Moodie, A.F.: Numerical evaluation of n-beam wave functions in electron scattering by the multislice method. Acta Cryst. A 30, 280–290 (1974).
Hashimoto, H., Mannami, M., Naiki, T.: Dynamical theory of electron diffraction for the electron microscope image of crystal lattices. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A 253, 459–516 (1961).
Hutchinson, J.L.: Direct observation of linear defects in niobium oxides. In: Diffraction studies of real atoms and real crystals, p. 145–146. Proc. of Int. Crystallography Conf., Melbourne (1974).
Iijima, S.: High resolution electron microscopy of crystal lattice of titanium-niobium oxide. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 5891–5893 (1971).
Iijima, S.: Direct observation of lattice defects in H-Nb2O5 by high resolution electron microscopy. Acta Cryst. A 29, 18–24 (1973).
Iijima, S.: High resolution electron microscopy of wustite crystal. In: Diffraction studies of real atoms and real crystals, p. 217–218. Proc. of Int. Crystallography Conf., Melbourne (1974).
Iijima, S.: Ordering of the Point Defects in Nonstoichiometric Crystals of Nb12O29. Acta Cryst. A 31, 784–790 (1975).
Iijima, S., Allpress, J.G.: High resolution electron microscopy of TiO2 22c5 7Nb2O5. J. Solid State Chem. 7, 94–105(1973).
Iijima, S., Allpress, J.G.: Structural studies by high resolution electron microscopy: Tetragonal tungsten bronze type of structures in the system Nb2O5-WO3. Acta Cryst. A 30, 22–29 (1974a).
Iijima, S., Allpress, J.G.: Structural studies by electron microscopy: coherent intergrowth of the ReO3 and tetragonal bronze structure types in the system Nb2O5-WO5. Acta Cryst. A 30, 29–36 (1974b).
Iijima, S., Kimura, S., Goto, M.: Direct observation of point defects in Nb12O29 by high resolution electron microscopy. Acta Cryst. A 29, 632–636 (1973).
Iijima, S., Kimura, S., Goto, M.: High resolution electron microscopy of non-stoichiometric Nb22O54 crystals: point defects and structural defects. Acta Cryst. A 30, 251–257 (1974).
Lynch, D.F., O’Keefe, M.A.: n-beam lattice images II. Methods of calculation. Acta Cryst. A 28, 536–548 (1972).
Scherzer, O.: The theoretical resolution limit of the electron microscope. J. Appl. Phys. 20, 20–29 (1949).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cowley, J.M., Iijima, S. (1976). The Direct Imaging of Crystal Structures. In: Wenk, HR. (eds) Electron Microscopy in Mineralogy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66196-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66196-9_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-66198-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66196-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive