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Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology 213/I and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 213/1))

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Abstract

The development of the metastatic cell is a Darwinian process involving random genetic changes and selection over many generations of tumor growth. Early events include a loosening of cell-cycle control and disabling of checkpoints and failsafe mechanisms such as cell-cell constraints on proliferation and motility (Rustgi et al. 1992; Fearson and Vogelstein 1990). Successfully metastatic cells arising from this population display an altered repertoire of cell adhesion molecules, allowing escape from the primary tumor, adhesion and penetration of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and entry into the microvasculature (Nicholson 1988; Fidler 1990; Hart and Saini 1992; Lafrenie et al. 1993). Most such cells are destroyed by geometric and hemodynamic forces in their first encounter with the narrow bore capillary net, usually in the lungs (Weiss et al. 1988). The few survivors may give rise to secondary colonies. The frequency of metastasis to the lungs has often been attributed solely to mechanical entrapment of tumor cell emboli. However, this theory does not explain the early observation that certain. tumor cell types prefer to metastasize to specific target organs. This behaviour was first noticed by Stephen Paget in 1889. He observed that breast carcinomas had very specific organ preferences for metastasis, and those preferences were not obviously related to circulatory patterns. About 70% of the patients had metastases to the liver, 20% to lungs, and only 10% to a few other organs. These observations inspired the “seed and soil” hypothesis which postulates that metastatic tumor cells are potentially unlimited in distribution but can only find purchase and prosper in a congenial soil.

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Elble, R.C., Pauli, B.U. (1996). Lu-ECAM-1 and DPP IV in Lung Metastasis. In: Günthert, U., Birchmeier, W. (eds) Attempts to Understand Metastasis Formation I. Current Topics in Microbiology 213/I and Immunology, vol 213/1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61107-0_8

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