Abstract
The normal response to tissue injury is a timely and orderly reparative process that results in sustained restoration of anatomical and functional integrity [1]. Wound repair, however, is not a simple linear process but rather a complex integration of dynamic interactive processes involving cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions mediated by humoral messengers [2,3]. Unencumbered, these processes follow a specific time sequence or chronology [2]. Although the timing of the various processes is usually orderly, it is not mutually exclusive and there is a varying overlap in time [3,4].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Lazurus GS, Cooper DM, Knighton DR, Margolis DJ, Pecoraro RE, Rodeheaver G, Robson MC (1994) Definitions and guidelines for assessment of wounds and evaluation of healing. Arch Dermatol 130: 489–493
Clark RAF (1993) Biology of dermal wound repair. Dematol Clin 11: 647–666
Robson MC (2003) Cytokine manipulation of the wound. Clin Plast Surg 30: 57–65
Robson MC, Steed DL, Franz MG (2001) Wound healing: biologic features and approaches to maximize healing trajectories. Curr Prob Surg 38: 61–140
Nwomeh BC, Yager DR, Cohen IK (1998) Physiology of the chronic wound. Clin Plast Surg 25: 341–346
Robson MC, Hill DP, Woodske ME, Steed DL (2000) Wound healing trajectories as predictors of effectiveness of therapeutic agents. Arch Surg 135: 773–777
Yager DR, Nwomeh BC (1999) The proteolytic environment of chronic wounds. Wound Rep Regen 7: 433–441
Mast BA, Schultz GS (1996) Interactions of cytokines, growth factors, and proteases in acute and chronic wounds. Wound Rep Regen 4: 411–420.
Tarnuzzer RW, Schultz GS (1996) Biochemical analysis of acute and chronic wound environments. Wound Rep Regen 4: 321–325
Trengove NJ, Stacey MC, MacAuley S, Bennett N, Gibson J, Burslem F, Murphy G, Schultz G (1999) Analysis of the acute and chronic wound environments: the role of proteases and their inhibitors. Wound Rep Regen 7: 442–452
Schultz GS, Sibbald G, Falanga V, Ayello EA, Dowsett C, Harding K, Romanelli M, Stacey MC, Teot L, Vanscheidt W (2003) Wound bed preparation: a systematic approach to wound management. Wound Rep Regen 11: 1–28
Yager DR, Chen SM, Ward SI, Olutoye OO, Diegelmann RF, Cohen IK (1997) Ability of chronic wound fluids to degrade peptide growth factors is associated with increased levels of elastase activity and diminished levels of protease inhibitors. Wound Rep Regen 5:23–32
Wahl LM, Wahl SM (1992) Inflammation. In: Cohen IK, Diegelmann RF, Lindblad WJ (eds) Wound healing, biochemical and clinical aspects. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 40–62
Robson MC, Heggers JP (1992) Eicosanoids, cytokines, and free radicals. In: Cohen IK, Diegelmann RF, Lindblad WJ (eds) Wound healing, biochemical and clinical aspects. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 292–304
Robson MC (1988) Disturbances in wound healing. Ann Emerg Med 17: 1274–1278
Robson MC (1989) The immediate and delayed damage following soft tissue trauma. In. Zarins C (ed) Essays in surgery. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 153–158
Lawrence WT (1992) Clinical management of nonhealing wounds. In: Cohen IK, Diegelmann RF, Lindblad WJ (eds) Wound healing, biochemical and clinical aspects. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 541–561
Hunt TK, Pai MP (1971) Effect of varying oxygen tensions on healing of open wounds. Surg Gynecol Obstet 135: 561–567
Lavan FB, Hunt TK (1990) Oxygen and wound healing. Clin Plast Surg 17: 463–472
Zamboni WA, Browder LK, Martinez JA (2003) Hyperbaric oxygen and wound healing. Clin Plast Surg 30: 67–75
Knighton DR, Silver IA, Hunt TK (1981) Regulation of wound healing angiogenesis — effect of oxygen gradients and impaired oxygen concentration. Surgery 90: 262–269
Whitney JD (1989) Physiologic effects of tissue oxygenation in wound healing. Heart and Lung 18: 466–474
Knighton DR, Halliday B, Hunt TK (1986) Oxygen as an antibiotic: a comparison of the effects of inspired oxygen concentration and antibiotic administration on in vivo bacterial clearance. Arch Surg 121:191–195
Robson MC, Mustoe TA, Hunt TK (1998) The future of recombinant growth factors in wound healing. Am J Surg 176 [Suppl]: 80S-82S
Niinikoski J, Hunt TK (1995) Oxygen and healing wounds: tissue-bone repair enhancement. In: Oriani G, Marroni A (eds) Handbook on hyperbaric medicine, 1st edn. Springer New York, pp 485–508
Robson MC (1997) Wound infection: a failure of wound healing caused by an imbalance of bacteria. Surg Clin N Amer 77: 637–650
Robson MC, Stenberg BD, Heggers JP (1990) Wound healing alterations caused by infection. Clin Plast Surg 17: 485–492
Payne WG, Wright TE, Ko F, Wheeler C, Wang X, Robson MC (2003) Bacterial degradation of growth factors. J Appl Res 3: 35–40
Hasan A, Murata H, Falabella A, Ochoa S, Zhou L, Badiava E, Falanga V (1997) Dermal fibroblasts from venous ulcers are unresponsive to the action of transforming growth factor beta 1. J Dermatol Sci 16: 59–66
Agren MS, Steenfos HH, Dabelsteen S, Hansen JB, Dabelsteen E (1999) Proliferation and mitogenic response to PDGF-BB of fibroblasts isolated from chronic venous leg ulcer is ulcer-age dependent. J Invest Dermatol 112: 463–469
Robson MC, Wright TE, Ko F, Connolly KM, Halpern W, Payne WG (2003) Genomics-based KGF-2 (Repifermin) and its receptors function effectively in infected wounds. J Appl Res 3: 97–103
VandeBerg JS, Robson MC (2003) Arresting cell cycles and the effect on wound healing. Surg Clin N Amer 83: 509–520
Soprano KJ (1994) WI-38 cell long term quiescence model system: a valuable tool to study molecular events that regulate growth. J. Cell Biochem 54: 405–414
Morgan CJ, Pledger WJ (1992) Fibroblast proliferation. In: Cohen IK, Diegelmann RF, Lindblad WJ (eds) Wound healing, biochemical and clinical aspects. WB Saunders, Philadelphia pp 63–76
Schafer KA (1998) The cell cycle: a review. Vet Pathol 35: 461–478
Svoboda ME, Van Wyk JJ, Klapper DG, Fellows RE, Grissom FE, Schlueter RJ (1980) Purification of somatomedin-C from human plasma, chemistry and biologic properties, partial sequence analysis, and relationship to other somatomedins. Biochemistry 19: 790–797
Cooper DM, Yu EZ, Hennessey P, Ko F, Robson MC (1994) Determination of endogenous cytokines in chronic wounds. Ann Surg 219: 688–692
Robson, MC, Smith PD (2001) Topical use of growth factors to enhance healing. In: Falanga V (ed) Cutaneous wound healing. Martin Dunitz, London, pp 379–398
Falanga V, Eaglstein WH (1993) The trap hypothesis of venous ulceration. Lancet 341: 1006–1008
Falanga V, Grinnell F, Gilchrist B, Maddox YT, Moshell A (1994) Workshop on the pathogenesis of chronic wounds. J Invest Dermatol 102: 125–127
Assoian RK (1997) Control of the Gl phase cyclin-dependent kinases by mitogenic growth factors and the extracellular matrix. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 8: 156–170
Sherr CJ, Matsushima H, Kato J-Y, Quelle DE, Roussel MF (1994) Control of Gl progression by mammalian D-type cyclins. In: Hu VW (ed) The cell cycle regulators, targets, and clinical applications. Plenum Press, New York, pp 17–23
Morgan DO (1995) Principles of CDK regulation. Nature 374: 131–134
Ludlow JW, Glendening CL, Livingston DM, DeCarprio JA (1993) Specific enzymatic dephosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. Mol Cell Biol 13: 367–372
Bohmer RM, Scharf E, Assoian RK (1996) Cytoskeletal integrity is required throughout the mitogen stimulation phase of the cell cycle and mediates the anchorage dependent expression of cyclin D1. Mol Biol Cell 7: 101–111
Browne JP, Wei W, Sedivy JM (1997) Bypass of senescence after disruption of p21 C1P1/WAF1 gene in normal diploid human fibroblasts. Science 277: 831–834
Campisi J (1999) Replicative senescence and immortalization. In: Stein GS, Baserga R, Denhardt DT (eds) The molecular basis of cell cycle and growth control. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 348–373
Sherr CJ, Roberts JM (1999) CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of Gl-phase progression. Genes Dev 13: 1501–1512
Seah CC, Phillips T, Park H-Y (2001) The First Annual Young Investigator’s Award. Modulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins by chronic wound fluid. Wounds 13: 136–142
Schwarz DA, Lindblad WJ, Rees RS (1995) Altered collagen metabolism and delayed healing in a novel model of ischemic wounds. Wound Rep Regen 3: 204–212
Baserga R (1999) Introduction to the cell cycle. In: Stein GS, Baserga R, Dehnardt DT (eds) The molecular basis of cell cycle and growth control. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 1–14
Robson MC, Hill DP, Smith PD, Wang X, Meyer-Siegler K, Ko F, VandeBerg JS, Payne WG, Ochs D, Robson LE (2000) Sequential cytokine therapy for pressure ulcers: clinical and mechanistic response. Ann Surg 231: 600–611
Ladwig GP, Robson MC, Liu R, Kuhn MA, Muir DF, Schultz GS (2002) Ratios of activated matrix metalloproteinase-9 to tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in wound fluids are inversely correlated with healing of pressure ulcers. Wound Rep Regen 10: 26–37
VandeBerg JS, Smith PD, Haywood-Reid PL, Munson AB, Soules KA, Robson MC (2002) Influence of single and sequential cytokine therapy on the cell cycle of pressure ulcer fibroblasts. J Appl Res 2: 11–19
VandeBerg JS, Smith PD, Haywood-Reid PL, Munson AB, Soules KA, Robson MC (2001) Dynamic forces in the cell cycle affecting fibroblasts in pressure ulcers. Wound Rep Regen 9: 19–27
Burns JS, Mancoll JS, Phillips LG (2003) Impairments to wound healing. Clin Plast Surg 30: 47–56
Williams JZ, Barbul A (2003) Nutrition and wound healing. Surg Clin N Amer 83: 571–596
Falanga V (2000) Classifications for wound bed preparation and stimulation of chronic wounds. Wounds Rep Regen 8: 347–352
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Robson, M.C. (2004). Pathophysiology of Chronic Wounds. In: Téot, L., Banwell, P.E., Ziegler, U.E. (eds) Surgery in Wounds. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59307-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59307-9_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63929-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59307-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive