Abstract
Many mechanisms both physical (e.g., light, temperature, ocean currents, density gradients, topography) and biological (e.g., allelopathy, competition, predation, selective foraging) are considered responsible for patch formation. Wiens (1976) presented an excellent review of population responses to environmental patchiness. He identified localized random disturbances (e.g., fire, erosion, tree windfalls), predation, selective herbivory, and vegetational patterns as potential causes of patch formation. Roughgarden (1977) discussed five general mechanisms that are responsible for patchiness: resource distribution, dispersal, aggregation behavior, competition, and reaction-diffusion.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Addicott, J. F., J. M. Aho, M. F. Antolin, D. K. Padilla, J. S. Richardson and D. A. Soluk. 1987. Ecological neighborhoods: Scaling environmental patterns. Oikos 49:340–346.
Argoul, F., A. Ameodo, G. Grasseau, Y. Gagne, E. J. Hopfinger, and U. Frisch. 1989. Wavelet analysis of turbulence reveals the multi-fractal nature of the Richardson cascade. Nature 338:51–53.
Bradshaw, G. A. 1991. Analysis of hierarchical pattern and process in Douglas-fir forests using wavelet analysis. Ph. D. dissertatioh, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
Bradshaw, G. A., and T. A. Spies. In press. Characterizing canopy gap structure in forests using the wavelet transform. J. Ecol.
Comins, H. N., and D. W. E. Blatt. 1974. Prey-predator models in spatially heterogenous environments. J. Theor. Biol 48:75–83.
Crutchfield, J. P., and K. Kaneko. 1987. Phenomenology of spatio-temporal chaos. In: H. Bai-Lin, Directions in Chaos. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, pp. 272–353.
Daly, K. L., and M. C. Macaulay. 1991. The influence of physical and biological mesoscale dynamics on the seasonal distribution and behavior ofEuphausia superba Dana in the Antarctic marginal ice zone. Mar. Ecol Prog. Ser. 79:37–66.
Doak D., P. Marino, and P. M. Kareiva. In Press. Spatial scale mediates the influence of habitat fragmentation on dispersal success: Implications for conservation. Theor. Popul Biol
Downes, B. J. 1990. Patch dynamics and mobility of fauna in streams and other habitats. Oikos 59:411–413.
Gardner, R. H., and R. V. O’Neill. 1991. Pattern, process, and predictability: The use of neutral models for landscape analysis. In: M. G. Turner and R. H. Gardner (eds.). Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, pp. 289–307.
Gilpin, M. E. 1979. Spiral chaos in a predator-prey model. Am. Nat. 107:306–308.
Grünbaum, D. 1991. Three unrelated projects in mathematical biology. Ph. D. dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Hassell, M. P. 1976. Arthropod predator-prey systems. In: R. M. May (ed.). Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Aplications — 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA, pp. 105–131.
Hassell, M. P., H. N. Comins, and R. M. May. 1991. Spatial structure and chaos in insect population dynamics. Nature 353:255–258.
Hastings, A., and T. Powell. 1991. Chaos in a three-species food chain. Ecology 12(3):896–903.
Haury, L. R., J. A. McGowan, and P. H. Wiebe. 1978. Patterns and processes in the time-space scales of plankton distributions. In: J. H. Steele (ed.). Spatial Pattern in Plankton Communities. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 277–327.
Hilbom R. 1975. The effect of spatial heterogeneity on the persistence of predator-prey interactions. Theor. Popul Biol 8(3):346–355
Hutchinson, G. E. 1961. The paradox of the plankton. Am. Nat. 95:137–145.
Kareiva, P. 1990. Population dynamics in spatially complex environments: Theory and data. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 330:175–190.
Kolasa, J., and S. Pickett (eds). 1991. Ecological Heterogeneity. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Kot, M. 1989. Diffusion-driven period-doubling bifurcations. Bio Systems 22:279–287.
Kot, M., G. S. Sayler, and T. W. Schultz. In press. Complex dynamics in a model microbial system. Bull Math. Biol
Kotliar, N. B., and J. A. Wiens. 1990. Multiple scales of patchiness and patch structure: A hierarchical framework for the study of heterogeneity. Oikos 59:253–260.
Levin, S. A., A. Morin, and T. M. Powell. 1989. Patterns and processes in the distribution and dynamics of Antarctic krill. CCAMLR Scient. Rep. VII/BG 20:281–296.
Levin, S. A., and R. T. Paine. 1974. Disturbance, patch formation and community structure. Proc. Nat. Acad. Scl USA 71(7):2744–2747.
Levin, S., and L. A. Segel. 1976. Hypothesis for origin of planktonic patchiness. Nature 259:659.
Mackas, D. C., K. L. Denman, and M. R. Abbott. 1985. Plankton patchiness: Biology in the physical vernacular. Bull Mar. Sei. 31:652–674.
McMurtie, R. 1978. Persistence and stability of single-species and prey-predator systems in spatially heterogeneous environments. Math. Biosci 39:11–51.
Milne, B. T. 1991. Rormalization relations for spatial models. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting, Ecological Society of America, San Antonio, TX.
Piatt, T., and K. L. Denman. 1975. Spectral analysis in ecology. Ann, Rev. Ecol. Syst. 6:189–210.
Pickett, S. T. A., and P. S. White (eds). 1985. The Ecology of Natural Disturbances and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Price, H. J., K. R. Boyd, and C. M. Boyd. 1988. Omnivorous feeding bhevior of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. Mar. Biol 97:67–77.
Robinson G. R., and J. F. Quinn. 1988. Extinction, turnover and species diversity in an experimentally fragmted California (USA) grassland. Oecologia (Berlin) 76:71–86.
Rosenberg, J. and R. Hewitt. 1991. AMLR 1990/1991 field season report. Objectives, accomplishmaits and tentative conclusions. Administrative report LJ-91–18, NOAA/NMFS/Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California.
Roughgarden, J. 1977. Patchiness in the spatial distribution of a population caused by stochastic fluctuations in resources. Oikos 29:52–59.
Sahrhage, D. 1988. Summary and conclusions. In: D. Sahrhage, (ed.). Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability. Springer-Veriag, Berlin, pp. 297–300.
Schaffer, W. M. 1988. Perceiving order in the chaos of nature. In: M. S. Boyce (ed.). Evolution of Life Histories of Mammals: Theory and Pattern. Yale University Press, New Haven and London, pp. 313–350.
Segel, L. A., and J. L. Jackson. 1972. Dissipative structure: An explanation and an ecological example. J. Theor. Biol 37:545–559.
Steele, J. H. 1978. Some comments on plankton patches. In: J. H. Steele (ed.). Spatial Pattern in Plankton Communities. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 1–20.
Stommel, H. 1963. Varieties of oceanographic experience. Science 139:572–576.
Turing, A. M. 1952. The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 237:37–72.
Vastano, J. A., T. Russo, and H. L. Swinney. 1990. Bifurcation to spatially induced chaos in a reaction-diffii- sion system. Physica D 46:23–42.
Weber, L. H., S. Z. El-Sayed, and I. Hampton. 1986. The variance spectra of phytoplankton, krill and water temperature in the Antarctic Ocean south of Africa. Deep-Sea Res. 33:1327–1343.
Wiens, J. A. 1976. Population responses to patchy environments. Ann. Rev. of Ecol Syst. 7:81–120.
Wiens, J. A., and B. T. Milne. 1989. Scaling of ‘landscapes’ in landscape ecology, or landscape ecology from a beetle’s perspective. Landscape Ecology 3:87–96.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Deutschman, D.H. et al. (1993). Mechanisms of Patch Formation. In: Levin, S.A., Powell, T.M., Steele, J.W. (eds) Patch Dynamics. Lecture Notes in Biomathematics, vol 96. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50155-5_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50155-5_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-56525-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-50155-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive