Reparation Art: Finding Common Ground in the Resolution of Disputes on Russian War Spoils and Nazi-Looted Art

Bandle, Anne Laure; Contel, Raphael

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45094-5_2

Reparation Art: Finding Common Ground in the Resolution of Disputes on Russian War Spoils and Nazi-Looted Art

Anne Laure Bandle³ &
Raphael Contel^3,4

Chapter
First Online: 01 January 2014

2783 Accesses

Abstract

The Second World War gave rise to an immense amount of unapproved cultural property transfers. The ongoing emergence of restitution demands related to these transfers shows that time does not heal all wounds. Instead, two types of restitution claims are now the subject of a heated debate: War spoils brought from Germany to Russia in the aftermath of the war and Nazi-looted art held in private and public collections. Notwithstanding the very differing considerations they entail, both restitution contexts are intrinsically tied to the argument of “reparation art” according to which cultural property may serve as compensation for the harm suffered because of the war. Moreover, they both are undergoing regulatory tensions and various initiatives which attempt to put an end to claims resulting from the Second World War.

On the one hand, the Russian–German conflict over war spoils which have been held in Russia since the end of the war has led both countries to enter into peace and cooperation agreements, as well as to develop a collaborative approach on the matter of unlawfully transferred art. However, on the other hand, the supportive relationship between both governments has met with great criticism within Russia. In the end, the Russian Law on Cultural Valuables nationalised all German cultural property that was brought to Russia in the course of the Second World War and is now located on its territory.

In the context of Nazi-looted art, legal and procedural barriers render it very difficult for the heirs of the victims to seek redress. In fact, doctrines such as statutes of limitations, prescriptions and good faith acquisition all protect the property titles of current possessors. On the other hand, the existing trend supporting a moral understanding of the harm suffered by Nazi-looted victims has been expressed at several occasions and stipulated in declarations, such as in the Washington Conference Principles of 1998.

In either context, the conflicting approaches show that one side has not yet come to terms with the past. Cultural property is considered as a means of reparation for the harm caused to Russia and the victims of Nazi looting during the war. Thus, the curtain drawn down over history by the laws and initiatives is ineffective. Against this background, this chapter holds that the tensions in both contexts can be overcome by reasonable negotiation, i.e., a way of settling disputes based on the parties’ interests and needs as well as innovative solutions. By means of several case studies, this paper aims to show the successes of reasonable negotiation for the resolution of restitution claims. Especially regarding highly emotional issues, the use of negotiation represents a process controlled by the parties that enables them to find a just and fair outcome to their dispute. Moreover, the chapter also touches on some of the limits of negotiation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 129.00; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 169.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 169.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Bandle et al. (2012d), Case Sammlung 101.
2.
Varoli (2000).
3.
Bandle et al. (2012b), Case Marienkirche Window Panels.
4.
Bandle et al. (2012a), Case Baldin Collection.
5.
Greenfield (2007), p. 190.
6.
Akinsha (2010), pp. 283 et seq.
7.
Chechi et al. (2012), Case Madonna and Child in a Landscape.
8.
Shimron (2008).
9.
Shimron (2008).
10.
Bandle et al. (2012h), Case Cranach Diptych.
11.
Bandle et al. (2012e), Affaire Vallée de la Stour.
12.
Greenfield (2007), p. 193.
13.
Greenfield (2007), p. 193.
14.
Article 4 of the Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation, No. 64-FZ of 15 April 1998, amended in May 2000 and April 2004 (hereafter 1998 Law on Cultural Valuables). For a translated version of the amended law, see Akinsha and Grimsted (2010), pp. 413–426.
15.
As a reminder, the 1954 UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, which Russia ratified in 1957 together with the protocol, expressly forbids to retain cultural property seized from war zones as war reparations.
16.
Greenfield (2007), p. 193.
17.
Op. cit. fn. 14.
18.
Bandle et al. (2012d), Case Sammlung 101.
19.
Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Good-Neighbourliness, Partnership and Cooperation, 9.11.1990, 30 ILM 505 (1991).
20.
Article 16 para. 2 of the 1990 Treaty on Good Neighbourliness, Partnership and Cooperation.
21.
Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Russian Federation on Cultural Cooperation (Abkommen zwischen der Regierung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Regierung der Russischen Föderation über kulturelle Zusammenarbeit) signed in Moscow, 16 December 1992, Bundesgesetzblatt Teil II (1993): 1256, http://archiv.jura.uni-saarland.de/BGBl/TEIL2/1993/19931256.2.HTML. Accessed 28 July 2011.
22.
Article 15 of the 1992 Treaty on Cultural Cooperation.
23.
Hiller (1997), p. 179.
24.
Article 56 of The Hague Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 18 October 1907.
25.
Fiedler (1997), p. 177.
26.
Jenschke (2006), pp. 363 et seq.
27.
Gattini (1996), p. 77.
28.
Hiller (1997), p. 179.
29.
Greenfield (2007), p. 192.
30.
Bandle (2012), p. 244.
31.
See below Sect. 2.2.2.2.2.
32.
See below Sect. 2.2.2.2.1.
33.
President of Russia Website (2001).
34.
Grimsted (2003), p. 94.
35.
Grimsted (2003), p. 94.
36.
Grimsted (2010), p. 242.
37.
Heyden (2002).
38.
Grimsted (2010), p. 242.
39.
Grimsted (2003), p. 94.
40.
Decree of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, On a moratorium on the return of cultural valuables displaced in the years of the Great Fatherland [Second World War], April 2, 1995, no. 725-I GD. Sobranie zakonodatel’stva RF, 1995, art. 6.
41.
Fiedler (1997), p. 177.
42.
Fiedler (1997), p. 177.
43.
Op. cit. fn. 41.
44.
Article 6 para. 1 of the 1998 Law on Cultural Valuables.
45.
Article 6 para. 2 of the 1998 Law on Cultural Valuables.
46.
Article 8 para. 1 of the 1998 Law on Cultural Valuables.
47.
Article 8 para. 2 of the 1998 Law on Cultural Valuables.
48.
Article 8 para. 3 of the 1998 Law on Cultural Valuables.
49.
Article 7 of the 1998 Law on Cultural Valuables.
50.
Article 9 of the 1998 Law on Cultural Valuables.
51.
Monten (2004), p. 64.
52.
Bandle et al. (2012d), Case Sammlung 101.
53.
Eichwede (2010), p. 395; Decree of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation: “On the matter of the decision in the conflict between the Council of the Federation and the President of the Russian Federation, between the State Duma and the President of the Russian Federation on the imperative for the President of the Russian Federation to sign the approved Federal Law on cultural valuables displaced to the USSR as a result of the Second World War and located on the territory of the Russian Federation,” transl. Grimsted et al. (2007), pp. 301 et seq.
54.
Akulenko (1997), p. 19.
55.
Grimsted (2010), p. 219.
56.
Ritter (1998), p. 447.
57.
Akinsha (2010), p. 264.
58.
Akinsha (2010), p. 264.
59.
Greenfield (2007), p. 192; Fiedler (1997), p. 177.
60.
Hiller (1997), pp. 180, 182 et seqq.
61.
Gattini (1996), p. 77.
62.
Gattini (1996), p. 77.
63.
Gattini (1996), p. 77.
64.
Greenfield (2007), p. 193.
65.
Grimsted (2010), p. 219.
66.
Kulturstiftung der Länder Website (2013).
67.
Kulturstiftung der Länder Website (2013) and Hochfield (2011).
68.
Hochfield (2011).
69.
Schnabel and Tatzkow (2007), p. 15.
70.
Forrest (2010), p. 201; Section 21 (1) English Sales of Goods Act 1979; § 2-403 (1) Uniform Commercial Code.
71.
Siehr (2004), p. 83.
72.
Prott (1989), p. 254; Schönenberger (2009), p. 116.
73.
Schönenberger (2009), p. 134.
74.
Schönenberger (2009), p. 134; Redmond-Cooper (1998), p. 151.
75.
Article 934 para. 1 of the Swiss Civil Code.
76.
Federal Act on the International Transfer of Cultural Property of 20 June 2003.
77.
Article 934 para. 1bis of the Swiss Civil Code.
78.
Article 933 of the Swiss Civil Code.
79.
Article 936 of the Swiss Civil Code.
80.
Article 2276 of the French Civil Code.
81.
Cornu et al. (2012), p. 805.
82.
Article 1153 of the Italian Civil Code.
83.
Article 929 German Civil Code (BGB).
84.
Article 935 para. 1 of the German Civil Code (BGB); Oberlandesgericht München, Decision of 10 January 1973, Aktenzeichen: VIII ZR 132/71, Warneyer Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichtshofs in Zivilsachen, Jahrgang 1973, 1. Halbband, N. 3, pp. 9 et seqq.; Schönenberger (2009), p. 121.
85.
Article 935 (2) German Civil Code (BGB). Under Swiss and French law, the fact that the lost or stolen object was purchased at auction does not give rise to a different protection, but to a right of the bona fide purchaser to be reimbursed by the claimant for the price paid (Article 934 (2) of the Swiss Civil Code and Article 2277 (1) of the French Civil Code).
86.
UK Limitation Act 1980 s. 4; De Préval v Adrian Alan Ltd, QBD (1997) unreported, Arden J. Foreign Law; Redmond-Cooper (1998), pp. 147–148; Schönenberger (2009), p. 131. For other exceptions in common law systems to the nemo dat principle in relation with good faith, Schönenberger (2009), pp. 116 et seqq.
87.
See below Sect. 2.3.1.2.
88.
Redmond-Cooper (1998), p. 157.
89.
Kaufman (2000), p. 287.
90.
O’Keefe v. Snyder, 416 A.2d 862, 869 (N.J. 1980); Schönenberger (2009), p. 123; Redmond-Cooper (1998), p. 154.
91.
Chechi et al. (2013).
92.
Kaufman (2000), p. 287.
93.
Menzel v. List, 253 N.Y.S.2d 43 (App. Div. 1964), 267 N.Y.S. 2d 804 (Sup. Ct. 1966); modified and aff. 279N.Y.S. 2d 608 (1967); reversed as to modifications 298 N.Y.S. 2d 297 (1969).
94.
Redmond-Cooper (1998), pp. 157 et seqq.
95.
DeWeerth v. Baldinger, 658 F. Supp. 688 (S.D.N.Y.), revised, 836 F.2d 103 (2nd Cir. 1987).
96.
836 F.2d 103, 107.
97.
The defence of laches lead to the forfeiture of a claim because of a wrongful delay by the claimant in bringing suit. More on laches, Kaufman (2000), pp. 297 et seqq., Schönenberger (2009), p. 128.
98.
Bakalar v. Vavra & Fischer, 237 F.R.D. 59 (S.D.N.Y. 2006); 550 F.Supp.2d 548 (S.D.N.Y. 2008); vacated and remanded, 619 F.3d 136 (2d Cir. 2010); on remand, 819 F. Supp. 2d 293 (S.D.N.Y., 2011), aff’d, No. 11-4042, 2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 21042 (2d Cir. N.Y. Oct. 11, 2012).
99.
Siehr (2004), p. 89.
100.
Schönenberger (2009), p. 112.
101.
Rose (1985), p. 79. For an example of a restitution claim for Nazi-looted art which was barred by adverse possession, Orkin et al. v. Taylor, 487 F3d 734, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 11623 (9th Cir. Cal., 18 May 2007).
102.
Article 728 of the Swiss Civil Code.
103.
Article 33 of the Swiss Cultural Property Transfer Act.
104.
Article 1 para. 2 of the Swiss Cultural Property Transfer Act.
105.
Article 937 para. 1 of the German Civil Code (BGB); Cornu et al. (2012), pp. 799 et seqq.
106.
Cornu et al. (2012), p. 800.
107.
Article 2261 and 2276 of the French Civil Code.
108.
Article 2258 of the French Civil Code; Schönenberger (2009), p. 113.
109.
Appellationshof des Kantons Bern, 29 April 1953 (unreported).
110.
Article 728 of the Swiss Civil Code; Siehr (2004), p. 79.
111.
Swiss Federal Court Ruling 94 II 297 of 13 December 1968.
112.
Bandle et al. (2012e), Affaire Vallée de la Stour.
113.
Prott (1989), p. 270; Kaufman (2000), pp. 286 et seq.
114.
Raschèr (2006), p. 449.
115.
Ludi (2012), p. 2.
116.
Bandle et al. (2012g), Case Blumengarten.
117.
The country summary of Sweden explicitly mentioned that despite the painting’s uncontested looted past, the Museum had to date not returned the painting.
118.
Bandle et al. (2012e), Affaire Vallée de la Stour.
119.
See, for instance, the “FDHA/FDFA report on the state of work on Nazi-looted art, in particular, on the subject of provenance research” by the Swiss government expressly recalling the 1998 Washington Principles and 2009 Terezin Declaration, http://www.bak.admin.ch/kulturerbe/04402/index.html?lang=en&download=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ad1IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCEdX12gGym162epYbg2c_JjKbNoKSn6A--. Accessed 5 February 2013.
120.
Hiller (1997), p. 180.
121.
Ludi (2012), p. 2.
122.
Bandle et al. (2012b), Case Marienkirche Window Panels.
123.
The second return regarding cultural property which was enabled under the 1998 Law on Cultural Valuables concerned four fragmentary mosaics claimed by Ukraine, see Grimsted (2010), p. 241.
124.
Grimsted (2002), p. 4.
125.
Bandle et al. (2012b), Case Marienkirche Window Panels.
126.
Article 18 of the 1998 Law on Cultural Valuables.
127.
On the transfer to the Federal Republic of Germany stained-glass windows from the Church of Saint Mary (Marienkirche) in Frankfurt on Oder, displaced to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic as a result of the Second World War and held in the State Hermitage: Federal Law, 17 April 2002, no. 37-FZ; On the designation of stained-glass windows from the Church of Saint Mary (Marienkirche) in Frankfurt on Oder, displaced to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic as a result of Second World War and held in the A.S. Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts: Federal Law, 3 April 2008, no. 42-FZ.
128.
Bandle et al. (2012b), Case Marienkirche Window Panels.
129.
Christiane Gentili di Giuseppe et al. v. Musée du Louvre, Court of Appeal of Paris, 1st Division, Section A, June 2, 1999, n. 1998/19209.
130.
See Bandle et al. (2013).
131.
Menzel v. List, 253 N.Y.S.2d 43 (App. Div. 1964), 267 N.Y.S. 2d 804 (Sup. Ct. 1966); modified and aff. 279 N.Y.S. 2d 608 (1967); reversed as to modifications 298 N.Y.S. 2d 297 (1969).
132.
Menzel v. List, 49 Misc.2d 300, at 301.
133.
Fed. Republic of Germany v. Elicofon, 358 F.Supp. 747 (E.D.N.Y. 1970), aff’d sub nom. Kunstsammlungen zu Weimar v. Elicofon, 478 F.2d 231 (2d Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 931 (1974), reh’g denied, 416 U.S. 952 (1974); see also Fed. Republic of Germany v. Elicofon, 536 F. Supp. 813 (E.D.N.Y. 1978); Kunstsammlungen zu Weimar v. Elicofon, 536 F. Supp. 829 (E.D.N.Y. 1981), aff’d, 678 F.2d 1150 (2d Cir. 1982).
134.
Bandle (2012), p. 244.
135.
Eichwede (2010), p. 390.
136.
Bandle et al. (2012d), Case Sammlung 101.
137.
Bandle (2012), p. 244.
138.
Hochfield (2011).
139.
Hochfield (2011).
140.
Protocol on their joint meeting in Simpson (1997), Appendix 16.
141.
Bandle et al. (2012f), Case Auschwitz Suitcase.
142.
Bandle et al. (2013).
143.
Contel et al. (2012), Case Portrait of Wally.
144.
Bandle et al. (2012c), Case Liberation of Saint Peter from Prison.
145.
Bandle (2012), pp. 232 et seqq.
146.
Lüddemann (2000).
147.
Eichwede (2010), p. 391.
148.
Lüddemann (2000).
149.
State Hermitage Museum Website (2013).
150.
Varoli (2000). The reconstruction was, however, not included in the return agreement with Russia.
151.
Greenfield (2007), pp. 185 and 188.
152.
Greenfield (2007), p. 186.
153.
Walter (2003), pp. 105 et seq.
154.
Merryman (2006), p. 11.
155.
Hiller (1997), p. 180; Shvidkoi (1997), p. 71.
156.
Bandle et al. (2012a), Case Baldin Collection.
157.
Eichwede (2010), pp. 402 et seq.
158.
Greenfield (2007), p. 191.
159.
Lowenthal (2004), p. 25.
160.
Lowenthal (2004), p. 25.
161.
Lowenthal (2004), p. 26.
162.
Contel (2012), p. 190.
163.
Lowenthal (2004), p. 29.
164.
Cornu and Renold (2010), p. 18.
165.
Greenfield (2007), p. 191.

References

Akinsha K (2010) Why can’t private art “Trophies” go home from the war? The Baldin-Bremen Kunsthalle case: a cause-Célèbre of German–Russian restitution politics. Int J Cult Property 17:257–290
Article Google Scholar
Akinsha K, Grimsted PK (2010) APPENDIX 1: Federal law on cultural valuables displaced to the USSR as a result of the Second World War and located on the territory of the Russian Federation. Int J Cult Prop 17:413–426
Article Google Scholar
Akulenko V (1997) A bill which faces the past. Spoils War 4:19–20
Google Scholar
Bandle AL (2012) The impact of politics on the resolution of art restitution claims. In: Renold M-A, Chechi A, Bandle AL (eds) Resolving disputes in cultural property. Studies in art law, vol 23. Schulthess, Geneva, pp 211–250
Google Scholar
Bandle AL, Chechi A, Renold M-A (2012a) Case Baldin collection – Kunsthalle Bremen, Germany and State Hermitage Museum, Russia. Platform ArThemis (http://unige.ch/art-adr), Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva
Bandle AL, Chechi A, Renold M-A (2012b) Case Marienkirche Window Panels – Germany and Russia, State Hermitage Museum, Pushkin State museum of fine arts. Platform ArThemis (http://unige.ch/art-adr), Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva
Bandle AL, Chechi A, Renold M-A (2012c) Case Liberation of Saint Peter from Prison – Feldmann heirs and private person. Platform ArThemis (http://www.unige.ch/art-adr), Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva
Bandle AL, Chechi A, Renold M-A (2012d) Case Sammlung 101 – City of Bremen, Kunsthalle Bremen and Russia. Platform ArThemis (http://www.unige.ch/art-adr), Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva
Bandle AL, Contel R, Renold M-A (2012e) Affaire Vallée de la Stour – Héritiers Jaffé et Musée des beaux-arts La Chaux-de-Fonds et Ville de la Chaux-de-Fonds. Platform ArThemis (http://unige.ch/art-adr), Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva
Bandle AL, Contel R, Renold M-A (2012f) Case Auschwitz Suitcase – Pierre Lévi Heirs and Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Oswiecim and Shoah Memorial Museum Paris. Platform ArThemis (http://unige.ch/art-adr), Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva
Bandle AL, Contel R, Renold M-A (2012g) Case Blumengarten – Deutsch Heirs and Moderna Museet Stockholm. Platform ArThemis (http://unige.ch/art-adr), Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva
Bandle AL, Contel R, Renold M-A (2012h) Case Cranach Diptych – Goudstikker Heir and the Norton Simon Museum. Platform ArThemis (http://unige.ch/art-adr), Centre of Art-Law, University of Geneva, Geneva
Bandle AL, Chechi A, Renold M-A (2013) Case five Italian Paintings – Gentili di Giuseppe Heirs v. Musée du Louvre and France. Platform ArThemis (http://unige.ch/art-adr), Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva
Chechi A, Contel R, Renold M-A (2012) Case Madonna and Child in a Landscape – North Carolina Museum of art and Philipp von Gomperz Heirs. Platform ArThemis (http://unige.ch/art-adr), Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva
Chechi A, Bandle AL, Renold M-A (2013) Case View of the Asylum and Chapel at St. Rémy – Mauthner Heirs v. Elizabeth Taylor. Platform ArThemis (http://unige.ch/art-adr), Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva
Contel R (2012) Echange, prêt et coopération culturelle: Solutions en matière de restitution de biensculturels. In: Renold M-A, Chechi A, Bandle AL (eds) Resolving disputes in cultural property. Studies in art law, vol 23. Schulthess, Geneva, pp 175–210
Google Scholar
Contel R, Soldan G, Renold M-A (2012) Case Portrait of Wally – United States and Estate of Lea Bondi and Leopold Museum. Platform ArThemis (http://unige.ch/art-adr), Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva
Cornu M, Renold M-A (2010) New developments in the restitution of cultural property, alternative means of dispute resolution. Int J Cult Property 17:1–31
Article Google Scholar
Cornu M, Fromageau J, Wallaert C (2012) Dictionnaire comparé du droit du patrimoine culturel. CNRS Editions, Paris
Google Scholar
Eichwede W (2010) Trophy art as ambassadors: reflections beyond diplomatic deadlock in the German–Russian dialogue. Int J Cult Property 17:387–412
Article Google Scholar
Fiedler W (1997) Legal issues bearing on the restitution of German cultural property in Russia. In: Simpson E (ed) The spoils of war: World War II and its aftermath: the loss, reappearance, and recovery of cultural property. Harry N. Abrahams, Inc., New York, pp 175–178
Google Scholar
Forrest C (2010) International law and the protection of cultural heritage. Routledge, New York
Google Scholar
Gattini A (1996) Restitution by Russia of works of art removed from German territory at the end of the Second World War. Eur J Int Law 7:67–88
Article Google Scholar
Greenfield J (2007) The return of cultural treasures, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Google Scholar
Grimsted PK (2002) Russia’s “Trophy” archives—still prisoners of World War II? Open society archives. http://socialhistory.org/sites/default/files/docs/rustrop.pdf. Accessed 5 Feb 2013
Grimsted PK (2003) Bach is back in Berlin: the return of the Sing-Akademie archive from Ukraine in the context of displaced cultural treasures and restitution politics. Spoils War Newsl 8:94–103
Google Scholar
Grimsted PK (2010) Legalizing “Compensation” and the spoils of war: the Russian law on displaced cultural valuables and the manipulation of historical memory. Int J Cult Property 17:217–255
Article Google Scholar
Grimsted PK, Hoogewoud FJ, Ketelaar E (2007) Returned from Russia: Nazi archival plunder in Western Europe and recent restitution issues. Institute of Art and Law, Builth Wells
Google Scholar
Heyden U (2002) Noch reicht mein Gewinn. http://ulrich-heyden.de/content/view/1150/50/. Accessed 5 Feb 2013
Hiller A (1997) The German–Russian negotiations over the contents of the Russian repositories. In: Simpson E (ed) The spoils of war: World War II and its aftermath: the loss, reappearance, and recovery of cultural property. Harry N. Abrahams, Inc., New York, pp 179–185
Google Scholar
Hochfield S (2011) The German–Russian stalemate. ARTnews. http://www.artnews.com/2011/02/01/the-german-russian-stalemate/. Accessed 5 Feb 2013
Jenschke C (2006) In Kriegen erbeutet – Zur Rückgabe geraubter Kulturgüter im Völkerrecht. Osteuropa 56:361–370
Google Scholar
Kaufman RS (2000) Art law handbook. Aspen Publishers Online, New York
Google Scholar
Kulturstiftung der Länder Website (2013) Initiative Deutsch-Russischer Museumsdialog. http://www.kulturstiftung.de/aufgaben/deutsch-russischer-museumsdialog. Accessed 5 Feb 2013
Lowenthal C (2004) The point of view of victims of Nazi art looting. In: Renold M-A, Gabus P (eds) Claims for the restitution of looted art/la Revendication des oeuvres d’art spoliées. Schulthess, Geneva, pp 25–31
Google Scholar
Lüddemann S (2000) Rückkehr von langer Reise. Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung. http://www.noz.de/artikel/461966/rueckkehr-von-langer-reise. Accessed 5 Feb 2013
Ludi R (2012) Reparations for Nazi victims in postwar Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Book Google Scholar
Merryman JH (2006) Imperialism, art and restitution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Google Scholar
Monten LM (2004) Case notes and comments: Soviet World War II trophy art in present day Russia: the events, the law and the current controversies. DePaul J Art Entertain Law 15:37–98
Google Scholar
President of Russia Website (2001) President Vladimir Putin and German President Johannes Rau met at the negotiation table. http://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/text/news/2001/09/135923.shtml. Accessed 5 Feb 2013
Prott LV (1989) Problems of private international law for the protection of the cultural heritage. Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de Droit International de La Haye (Collected Courses Hague Acad Int Law) 217:219–317
Google Scholar
Raschèr AFG (2006) Kollektiv handeln, statt individuell verdrängen. Die Schweiz und der Umgang mit Raubkunst. Osteuropa 56(1–2):447–458
Google Scholar
Redmond-Cooper R (1998) Time limits in actions to recover stolen art. In: Palmer N (ed) The recovery of stolen art, a collection of essays. Kluwer Law International, London, pp 145–162
Google Scholar
Ritter W (1998) The Soviet spoils commissions: on the removal of works of art from German Museums and collections. Int J Cult Property 7:446–455
Article Google Scholar
Rose CM (1985) Possession as the origin of property. Univ Chic Law Rev 52:73–88
Article Google Scholar
Schnabel G, Tatzkow M (2007) Nazi looted art – Handbuch Kunstrestitution weltweit. Proprietas-verlag, Berlin
Google Scholar
Schönenberger B (2009) The restitution of cultural assets. Stämpfli Publishers, Berne
Google Scholar
Shimron Y (2008) A Madonna stolen by Nazis takes a trip home. The News & Observer. http://www.newsobserver.com/content/print/front_pdf/1-A-Mon-December-1-08.pdf. Accessed 5 Feb 2013
Shvidkoi M (1997) Russian cultural losses during World War II. In: Simpson E (ed) The spoils of war: World War II and its aftermath: the loss, reappearance, and recovery of cultural property. Harry N. Abrahams, Inc., New York, pp 67–71
Google Scholar
Siehr K (2004) Restitution of looted art in private international law. In: Renold M-A, Gabus P (eds) Claims for the restitution of looted art/la Revendication des oeuvres d’art spoliées. Schulthess, Geneva, pp 71–94
Google Scholar
Simpson E (1997) The spoils of war: World War II and its aftermath: the loss, reappearance, and recovery of cultural property. Harry N. Abrahams, Inc., New York
Google Scholar
State Hermitage Museum Website (2013) Hermitage News, Restoration programmes. The restoration of stained glass from the Marienkirche in Frankfurt an der Oder. http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/13/hm13_3_006.html. Accessed 5 Feb 2013
Varoli J (2000) Restoring a window’s glow, healing a war’s wounds. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/27/arts/arts-abroad-restoring-a-window-s-glow-healing-a-war-s-wounds.html. Accessed 5 Feb 2013
Walter H (2003) The bell of Staraja Russa. Spoils War Newsl 8:105–106
Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Art-Law Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Anne Laure Bandle & Raphael Contel
Law firm Renold, Gabus-Thorens, Geneva, Switzerland
Raphael Contel

Authors

Anne Laure Bandle
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Raphael Contel
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anne Laure Bandle .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
Valentina Vadi
Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
Hildegard E. G. S. Schneider

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bandle, A.L., Contel, R. (2014). Reparation Art: Finding Common Ground in the Resolution of Disputes on Russian War Spoils and Nazi-Looted Art. In: Vadi, V., Schneider, H. (eds) Art, Cultural Heritage and the Market. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45094-5_2

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45094-5_2
Published: 08 January 2014
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-45093-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-45094-5
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics