Skip to main content

Subtelomere Organization, Evolution, and Dynamics in the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Magnaporthe oryzae is a filamentous, ascomycete fungus best known as the causal agent of a devastating disease of rice known as blast. In addition to being a pathogen of rice, it also causes diseases on other important crops, including wheat, millets, and forage grasses, and on turf grasses such as perennial ryegrass and St. Augustinegrass. Despite the species’ broad host range, fungal isolates from one host genus usually are unable to infect other host genera. Such specificity can also be manifested at the subspecies level, such that an isolate from one rice cultivar is often unable to infect other cultivars.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aksoy, S., Williams, S., Chang, S., & Richards, F. F. (1990). SLACS retrotransposon from Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is similar to mammalian LINEs. Nucleic Acids Research, 18, 785–792.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arkhipova, I. R., & Morrison, H. G. (2001). Three retrotransposon families in the genome of Giardia lamblia: Two telomeric, one dead. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Vol. 98 pp. 14497–14502). National Academy of Sciences: USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berriman, M., Ghedin, E., Hertz-Fowler, C., Blandin, G., Renauld, H., et al. (2005). The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei. Science, 309, 416–422.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonman, J. M. (1992). Durable resistance to rice blast disease—environmental influences. Euphytica, 63, 115–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, D. K. (1992). Ribosomal DNA is a site of chromosome breakage in aneuploid strains of Neurospora. Genetics, 131, 581–592.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chao, C. C. T., & Ellingboe, A. H. (1991). Selection for mating competence in Magnaporthe grisea pathogenic on rice. Canadian Journal of Botany, 69, 2130–2134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chuma, I., Hotta, Y., & Tosa, Y. (2011). Instability of subtelomeric regions during meiosis in Magnaporthe oryzae. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 77, 317–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Couch, B. C., & Kohn, L. M. (2002). A multilocus gene genealogy concordant with host preference indicates segregation of a new species, Magnaporthe oryzae, from M. grisea. Mycologia, 94, 683–693.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Couch, B. C., Fudal, I., Lebrun, M. H., Tharreau, D., Valent, B., et al. (2005). Origins of host-specific populations of the blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae in crop domestication with subsequent expansion of pandemic clones on rice and weeds of rice. Genetics, 170, 613–630.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, R. A., Talbot, N. J., Ebbole, D. J., Farman, M. L., Mitchell, T. K., et al. (2005). The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Nature, 434, 980–986.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farman, M. L. (2002). Pyricularia grisea isolates causing gray leaf spot on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in the United States: relationship to P. grisea isolates from other host plants. Phytopathology, 92, 245–254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farman, M. L. (2007). Telomeres in the rice blast fungus: The world of the end as we know it. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 273, 125–132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farman, M. L. (2011). Targeted cloning of fungal telomeres. In J.-R. Xu (Ed.), Methods in Molecular Biology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farman, M. L., & Kim, Y.-S. (2005). Telomere hypervariability in Magnaporthe oryzae. Molecular Plant Pathology, 6(3), 287–298.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farman, M. L., & Leong, S. A. (1995). Genetic and physical mapping of telomeres in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. Genetics, 140, 479–492.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farman, M. L., & Leong, S. A. (1998). Chromosome walking to the AVR1-CO39 avirulence gene of Magnaporthe grisea: discrepancy between the physical and genetic maps. Genetics, 150, 1049–1058.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farman, M. L., Tosa, Y., Nitta, N., & Leong, S. A. (1996). MAGGY, a retrotransposon in the genome of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Molecular and General Genetics, 251, 665–674.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel, A., Yen, T. J., Schwartz, D. C., Smith, C. L., Boeke, J. D., et al. (1990). A rapidly rearranging retrotransposon within the miniexon gene locus of Crithidia fasciculata. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 10, 615–624.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gangloff, S., Zou, H., & Rothstein, R. (1996). Gene conversion plays the major role in controlling the stability of large tandem repeats in yeast. EMBO Journal, 15, 1715–1725.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, W., Khang, C. H., Park, S.-Y., Lee, Y.-H., & Kang, S. K. (2002). Evolution and organization of a highly dynamic, subtelomeric helicase gene family in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Genetics, 162, 103–112.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, X., Hou, Y., Ebina, H., Levin, H. L., & Voytas, D. F. (2008). Chromodomains direct integration of retrotransposons to heterochromatin. Genome Research, 18, 359–369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gladyshev, E. A., & Arkhipova, I. R. (2007). Telomere-associated endonuclease-deficient Penelope-like retroelements in diverse eukaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Vol. 104 pp. 9352–9357). National Academy of Sciences: USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, T. J., & Poulter, R. T. (2001). The diversity of retrotransposons in the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. Yeast, 18, 865–880.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez-Rivas, R., Mattei, D., Sterkers, Y., Peterson, D. S., Wellems, T. E., et al. (1997). Expressed var genes are found in Plasmodium falciparum subtelomeric regions. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 17, 604–611.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, D., & Barry, J. D. (2005). The central roles of telomeres and subtelomeres in antigenic variation in African trypanosomes. Chromosome Research, 13, 525–533.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Itzhaki, J. E., Barnett, M. A., Maccarthy, A. B., Buckle, V. J., Brown, W. R., et al. (1992). Targeted breakage of a human chromosome mediated by cloned human telomeric DNA. Nature Genetics, 2, 283–287.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, S., Lebrun, M. H., Farrall, L., & Valent, B. (2001). Gain of virulence caused by insertion of a Pot3 transposon in a Magnaporthe grisea avirulence gene. Molecular plant-microbe interactions: MPMI, 14, 671–674.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khang, C. H., Berruyer, R., Giraldo, M. C., Kankanala, P., Park, S. Y., et al. (2010). Translocation of Magnaporthe oryzae effectors into rice cells and their subsequent cell-to-cell movement. Plant Cell, 22, 1388–1403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, M., Romao, J., Marchetti, M. A., & Hamer, J. E. (1991). DNA fingerprinting with a dispersed repeated sequence resolves pathotype diversity in the rice blast fungus. Plant Cell, 3, 95–102.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W., Rehmeyer, C. J., Staben, C., & Farman, M. L. (2005). TERMINUS—telomeric end-read mining in unassembled sequences. Bioinformatics, 21, 1695–1698.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mcclure, M. A., Donaldson, E., & Corro, S. (2002). Potential multiple endonuclease functions and a ribonuclease H domain in retroposon genomes. Virology, 296, 147–158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEachern, M. J. (2007). Telomeres: Guardians of genomic integrity or double agents of evolution? In J. Noseck & L. Tomaska (Eds.), Origins and evolution of telomeres. Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience, Eureka Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murakami, J., Tosa, Y., Kataoka, T., Tomita, R., Kawasaki, J., et al. (2000). Analysis of host species specificity of Magnaporthe grisea toward wheat using a genetic cross between isolates from wheat and foxtail millet. Phytopathology, 90, 1060–1067.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami, J., Tomita, R., Kataoka, T., Nakayashiki, H., Tosa, Y., et al. (2003). Analysis of host species specificity of Magnaporthe grisea toward foxtail millet using a genetic cross between isolates from wheat and foxtail millet. Phytopathology, 93, 42–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakayashiki, H., Awa, T., Tosa, Y., & Mayama, S. (2005). The C-terminal chromodomain-like module in the integrase domain is crucial for high transposition efficiency of the retrotransposon MAGGY. FEBS Letters, 579, 488–492.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, A. D., Lamb, J. C., Kobrossly, P. S., & Shippen, D. E. (2011). Parameters affecting telomere-mediated chromosomal truncation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 23, 2263–2272.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okazaki, S., Ishikawa, H., & Fujiwara, H. (1995). Structural analysis of TRAS1, a novel family of telomeric repeat-associated retrotransposons in the silkworm, Bombyx mori Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 4545–4552.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orbach, M. J., Farrall, L., Sweigard, J. A., Chumley, F. G., & Valent, B. (2000). A telomeric avirulence gene determines efficacy for the rice blast resistance gene Pi-ta. The Plant Cell, 12, 2019–2032.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peacock, C. S., Seeger, K., Harris, D., Murphy, L., Ruiz, J. C., et al. (2007). Comparative genomic analysis of three Leishmania species that cause diverse human disease. Nature Genetics, 39, 839–847.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petes, T. D. (1980). Unequal meiotic recombination within tandem arrays of yeast ribosomal DNA genes. Cell, 19, 765–774.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peyyala, R., & Farman, M. L. (2006). Magnaporthe oryzae isolates causing gray leaf spot of perennial ryegrass possess a functional copy of the AVR1-CO39 avirulence gene. Molecular Plant Pathology, 7, 157–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pryde, F. E., Gorham, H. C., & Louis, E. J. (1997). Chromosome ends: All the same under their caps? Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 7, 822–828.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehmeyer, C., Li, W., Kusaba, M., Kim, Y.-S., Brown, D., et al. (2006). Organization of chromosome ends in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Nucleic Acids Research, 34, 4685–4701.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehmeyer, C. J., Li, W., Kusaba, M., & Farman, M. L. (2009). The telomere-linked helicase (TLH) gene family in Magnaporthe oryzae: revised gene structure reveals a novel TLH-specific protein motif. Current Genetics, 55, 253–262.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. L., & Farman, M. L. (2010). Systematic overrepresentation of DNA termini and underrepresentation of subterminal regions among sequencing templates prepared from hydrodynamically sheared linear DNA molecules. BMC Genomics, 11, 87.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Starnes, J. H., Thornbury, D. W., Novikova, O.S., Rehmeyer, C. J., & Farman, M. L., (2012). Telomere-targeted retrotransposons in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae: agents of telomere instability. Genetics, 191, 389–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweigard, J. A., Carroll, A. M., Kang, S., Farrall, L., Chumley, F. G., et al. (1995). Identification, cloning, and characterization of PWL2, a gene for host species specificity in the rice blast fungus. The Plant Cell, 7, 1221–1233.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, H., Okazaki, S., & Fujiwara, H. (1997). A new family of site-specific retrotransposons, SART1, is inserted into telomeric repeats of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 1578–1584.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teng, S. C., Wang, S. X., & Gabriel, A. (1995). A new non-LTR retrotransposon provides evidence for multiple distinct site-specific elements in Crithidia fasciculata miniexon arrays. Nucleic Acids Research, 23, 2929–2936.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tosa, Y., Tamba, H., Tanaka, K., & Mayama, S. (2006). Genetic analysis of host species specificity of Magnaporthe oryzae isolates from rice and wheat. Phytopathology, 96, 480–484.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva, M. S., Williams, S. P., Beard, C. B., Richards, F. F., & Aksoy, S. (1991). A new member of a family of site-specific retrotransposons is present in the spliced leader RNA genes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 11, 6139–6148.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, C., Kim, Y.-S., Smith, K. M., Li, W., Hood, H. M., et al. (2009). Characterization of chromosome ends in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Genetics, 181, 1129–1145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, W., Lamb, J. C., Han, F., & Birchler, J. A. (2006). Telomere-mediated chromosomal truncation in maize. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (Vol. 103 pp. 17331–17336). USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zolan, M. E. (1995). Chromosome-length polymorphism in fungi. Microbiological Reviews, 59, 686–698.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark Farman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Farman, M., Novikova, O., Starnes, J., Thornbury, D. (2014). Subtelomere Organization, Evolution, and Dynamics in the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae . In: Louis, E., Becker, M. (eds) Subtelomeres. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41566-1_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics