Abstract
Current imaging methods for liver disease include the use of US, CT, MRI and PET/CT. While US and CT are the initial and more cost-effective imaging methods worldwide, MR imaging has become the modality of choice for liver imaging due to its high sensitivity and specificity in characterizing liver lesions. Introduction of liver-specific MR contrast agents has further increased the role of MR imaging of liver in primary and secondary liver malignancy lesion detection, treatment planning, and follow-up. Similarly, 18 FDG PET/CT imaging has established a place in staging and follow-up of liver malignancies, especially of liver metastases. Due to decreased sensitivity of 18FDG PET in primary hepatocellular carcinoma, focus is being made on introduction of new radiotracers.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Drzezga A, Souvatzoglou M, Eiber M, et al. First clinical experience with integrated whole-body PET/MR: comparison to PET/CT in patients with oncologic diagnoses. J Nucl Med. 2012;53(6):845–55.
Siegel MJ, Acharyya S, Hoffer FA, et al. Whole-body MR imaging for staging of malignant tumors in pediatric patients: results of the American College of Radiology Imaging Network 6660 trial. Radiology. 2013;266(2):599–609.
Gu J, Chan T, Zhang J, et al. Whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging: the added value to whole-body MRI at initial diagnosis of lymphoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(3):W384–91.
He YX, Guo QY. Clinical applications and advances of positron emission tomography with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) in the diagnosis of liver neoplasms. Postgrad Med J. 2008;84(991):246–51.
Lee SD, Kim SH, Kim YK, et al. (18)F-FDG-PET/CT predicts early tumor recurrence in living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Transpl Int. 2013;26(1):50–60.
Paudyal B, Oriuchi N, Paudyal P, et al. Early diagnosis of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma with 18F-FDG PET after radiofrequency ablation therapy. Oncol Rep. 2007;18(6):1469–73.
Lan BY, Kwee SA, Wong LL. Positron emission tomography in hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies: a review. Am J Surg. 2012;204(2):232–41.
Shiomi S, Kawabe J. Clinical applications of positron emission tomography in hepatic tumors. Hepatol Res. 2011;41(7):611–17.
Ijichi H, Shirabe K, Taketomi A, et al. Clinical usefulness of (18) F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for patients with primary liver cancer with special reference to rare histological types, hepatocellular carcinoma with sarcomatous change and combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatol Res. 2013;43(5):481–7.
Treglia G, Giovannini E, Di Franco D, et al. The role of positron emission tomography using carbon-11 and fluorine-18 choline in tumors other than prostate cancer: a systematic review. Ann Nucl Med. 2012;26(6):451–61.
Bieze M, Bennink RJ, El-Massoudi Y, et al. The use of 18F-fluoromethylcholine PET/CT in differentiating focal nodular hyperplasia from hepatocellular adenoma: a prospective study of diagnostic accuracy. Nucl Med Commun. 2013;34(2):146–54.
Frisch K, Bender D, Hansen SB, et al. Nucleophilic radiosynthesis of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-galactose from Talose triflate and biodistribution in a porcine model. Nucl Med Biol. 2011;38(4):477–83.
Sorensen M, Frisch K, Bender D, et al. The potential use of 2-[(1)(8)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-galactose as a PET/CT tracer for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38(9):1723–31.
Eckel F, Herrmann K, Schmidt S, et al. Imaging of proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma with the in vivo marker 18F-fluorothymidine. J Nucl Med. 2009;50(9):1441–7.
Jones C, Badger SA, McKie LD, et al. PET-CT accurately predicts the pre-operative characteristics of colorectal hepatic metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2012;38(12):1184–8.
Georgakopoulos A, Pianou N, Kelekis N, et al. Impact of 18F-FDG PET/CT on therapeutic decisions in patients with colorectal cancer and liver metastases. Clin Imaging. 2013;37(3):536–41.
Bipat S, van Leeuwen MS, Comans EF, et al. Colorectal liver metastases: CT, MR imaging, and PET for diagnosis–meta-analysis. Radiology. 2005;237(1):123–31.
Strasberg SM, Dehdashti F. Role of FDG-PET staging in selecting the optimum patient for hepatic resection of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2010;102(8):955–9.
Lowenthal D, Zeile M, Lim WY, et al. Detection and characterisation of focal liver lesions in colorectal carcinoma patients: comparison of diffusion-weighted and Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 2011;21(4):832–40.
Small RM, Lubezky N, Shmueli E, et al. Response to chemotherapy predicts survival following resection of hepatic colo-rectal metastases in patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy. J Surg Oncol. 2009;99(2):93–8.
Veit P, Antoch G, Stergar H, et al. Detection of residual tumor after radiofrequency ablation of liver metastasis with dual-modality PET/CT: initial results. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(1):80–7.
Kumar R, Sharma P, Garg P, et al. Role of (68)Ga-DOTATOC PET-CT in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Eur Radiol. 2011;21(11):2408–16.
Schreiter NF, Nogami M, Steffen I, et al. Evaluation of the potential of PET-MRI fusion for detection of liver metastases in patients with neuroendocrine tumours. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(2):458–67.
Contractor K, Challapalli A, Tomasi G, et al. Imaging of cellular proliferation in liver metastasis by [18F]fluorothymidine positron emission tomography: effect of therapy. Phys Med Biol. 2012;57(11):3419–33.
Kubota K, Watanabe H, Murata Y, et al. Effects of blood glucose level on FDG uptake by liver: a F-FDG-PET/CT study. Nucl Med Biol. 2011;38(3):347–51.
Boellaard R, O’Doherty MJ, Weber WA, et al. F-FDG PET and PET/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for tumour PET imaging: version 1.0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37(1):181–200.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Paspulati, R.M., Kohan, A.A. (2014). PET/MRI of the Liver. In: Carrio, I., Ros, P. (eds) PET/MRI. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40692-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40692-8_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-40691-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-40692-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)