Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Bladder as a Dynamic System

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biomechanics of the Human Urinary Bladder

  • 965 Accesses

Abstract

The human urinary bladder is a musculomembranous hollow organ located deeply in the pelvic cavity. Anatomically, the organ is divided into three major parts: the apex, the body, and the fundus (base), consisting of the trigone and the neck. The fundus is imbedded in the prostate in males and in the musculofibrous tissue in females and is intimately attached to the internal urinary sphincter through the neck. The fibrous fascia endopelvina provides an additional connection between the base and the pelvic wall and the rectum. The entire body of the organ is enclosed in loose fatty tissue of the paravesicular fossa. The apex is covered by a thin stretchable peritoneum. The latter forms a series of folds—the false ligaments—which do not bear any biomechanical significance. The parts of the bladder are interconnected by the anterior, posterior, superior, right, and left lateral walls to form a smooth surface.

In order to understand the nature of things, we must begin by asking, not whether a thing is good or bad, […] but of what kind it is?

J. Maxwell

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aitken KJ, Bägli DJ (2009) The bladder extracellular matrix. Part I: architecture, development and disease. Nat Rev Urol 6:596–611

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA (2001) Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic). Trends Pharmac Sci Suppl 15–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson KE (2002) Potential benefits of muscarinic M3 receptor selectivity. Eur Urol Suppl 1:23–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson KE, Arner A (2004) Urinary bladder contraction and relaxation: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 84:935–986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson KE, Holmquist F, Fovaeus M, Hedlund H, Sundler R (1991) Muscarinic receptor stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the human isolated urinary bladder. J Urol 146:1156–1159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson KE, Harriss DR, Marsh KA, Birmingham AT, Hill SJ (1995) Expression of muscarinic M3-receptors coupled to inositol phospholipids hydrolysis in human detrusor cultured smooth muscle cells. J Urol 154:1241–1245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apodaca G (2004) The uroepithelium: not just a passive barrier. Traffic 5:117–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apodaca G, Balestreire E, Birder LA (2007) The uroepithelial-associated sensory web. Kidney Int 72:1057–1064

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badawi JK, Li H, Langbein S, Kwon ST, Kamp S, Bross S (2006) Inhibitory effects of L- and T-type calcium antagonists on contractions of human detrusor muscle. Eur J Clin Pharmac 62:347–354

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birder L, de Groat W, Mills I, Morrison J, Thor K, Drake M (2010) Neural control of the lower urinary tract: peripheral and spinal mechanisms. Neurol Urodyn 29(1):128–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brading AF (2006) Spontaenous activity of lower urinary tract smooth muscles: correlation between ion channels and tissue function. J Physiol 570(1):13–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burcher E, Zeng XP, Strigas J, Shang F, Millard RJ, Moore KH (2000) Autoradiographic localization of tachykinin and calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in adult urinary bladder. J Urol 163:331–337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell W (2007) Urology, IXth edn. Elsevier, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Candura SM, Messori E, Franceschetti GP, D’Agostino G, Vicini D, Tagliani M, Tonini M (1996) Neural 5-HT4 receptors in the human isolated detrusor muscle, effect of indole, benzimidazoline and substituted benzamide agonists and antagonist. Br J Pharmac 118:1965–1970

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen T-Y (2005) Structure and function of CLC channels. Ann Rev Physiol 67:809–839

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chess-Williams R, Chapple CR, Yamanishi T, Yasuda K, Sellers DJ (2001) The minor population of M3-receptors mediate contraction of human detrusor muscle in vitro. J Auton Pharmacol 21(5–6):243–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coolsaet BL (1985) Bladder compliance and detrusor activity during the collection phase. Neurourol Urodyn 4:263–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coolsaet BL, van Duyl WA, van Os-Bossagh P, De Bakker HV (1993) New concepts in relation to urge and detrusor activity. Neurol Urodyn 12:463–471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Agostino G, Condino AM, Gallinari P, Franceschetti GP, Tonini M (2006) Characterization of prejunctional serotonin receptors modulating [3H] acetylcholine release in the human detrusor. J Pharmac Exp Ther 316(1):129–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Groat WC (2004) The urothelium in overactive bladder: passive bystander or active participant? Urol 64(Suppl1):7–11

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLancey J, Gosling JA, Creed KE, Dixon J, Delmas V, Landon D, Norton P (2002) Gross anatomy and cell biology of the lower urinary tract. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A (eds) Incontinence, Sec Int Cons Incontinence. Health Publication, Plymouth

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon JS, Gilpin CJ, Gilpin SA, Gosling JA (1983) Intramural ganglia of the human urinary bladder. Br J Urol 55:195–198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon JS, Jen PYP, Gosling JA (1997) A double-label immunohistochemical study of intramural ganglia from the human male urinary bladder neck. J Anat 190:125–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake MJ, Mills IW, Gillespie JI (2001) Model of peripheral autonomous modules and a myovesical plexus in normal and overactive bladder function. Lancet 358:401–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake MJ, Harvey IJ, Gillespie JI (2003) Autonomous activity in the isolated guinea pig bladder. Exp Physiol 88(1):19–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dutzler R (2007) A structural perspective on Cl channel and transporter function. FEBS Lett 581:2839–2844

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elbadawi A (1991) Anatomy and innervation of the vesicourethral mucular unit of micturition. In: Clinical neurourology. Little, Brown, London, p 5–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott RA, Norman RI, Parker SG, Whitaker RP, Castleden CM (1996) Effect of treatment with calcium antagonists in vitro and in vivo on the contractile response of isolated rat and human detrusor muscle. Clin Sci 91:467–474

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elneil S, Skepper JN, Kidd EJ, Williamson JG, Ferguson DR (2001) Distribution of P2X1 and P2X3 receptors in the rat and human urinary bladder. Pharmacology 63:120–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felix B, Catalin D, Miolan JP, Niel JP (1998) Integrative properties of the major pelvic ganglion in the rat. J Auton Nerv Syst 69:6–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fetscher C, Fleichman M, Schmidt M, Krege S, Michel MC (2002) M(3) muscarinic receptors mediate contraction of human urinary bladder. Br J Pharmac 136:641–643

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Filippi S, Morelli A, Sandner P, Fibbi B, Mancina R, Marini M et al (2007) Characterization and functional role of androgendependent PDE5 activity in the bladder. Endocrinol 148(3):1019–1029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank J, Uuhl OIS, Park JS, Chung MS, Delmas V (2006) Three-dimensional reconstruction of urogenital tract from visible Korean human. Anat Rec (Part A) 288A: 893–899

    Google Scholar 

  • Frasier EP, Peters SL, Braverman AS, Ruggieri MR Sr, Michel M (2008) Signal transduction underlying the control of urinary bladder smooth muscle tone by muscarinic receptors and β-adrenoceptors. Arch Pharmac 377:449–462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frazier EP, Mathy MJ, Peters SLM, Michel MC (2005) Does cyclic AMP mediate rat urinary bladder relaxation by isoproterenol? J Pharmac Exper Ther 313:260–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fry CH, Cooklin M, Birns J, Mundy AR (1999) Measurement of intracellular electrical coupling in guinea-pig detrusor smooth muscle. J Urol 161:660–664

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fry CH, Hussain M, McCarthy C, Ikeda Y, Sui GP, Wu C (2004) Recent advances in detrusor muscle function. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 215:20–25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fry CH, Brading AF, Hussain M, Lewis SA, Takeda M, Tuttle JB, Uvelius B, Wood DN, Drake M (2006) Cell biology. Plymbridge Distributors Ltd, Plymouth, pp 315–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry CH, Meng E, Young JS (2010) The physiological function of lower urinary tract smooth muscle. Auton Neurosci: Basic and Clinic 154:3–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geiger B, Ginsberg D (1991) The cytoplasmic domain of adherens-type junctions. Cell Motil Cytoskel 20:1–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilpin CJ, Dixon JS, Gilpin SA, Gosling JA (1983) The fine structure of autonomic neurons in the wall of the human urinary bladder. J Anat 137 (Pt4):705–713

    Google Scholar 

  • Giuliani S, Patacchini R, Barbanti G, Turini D, Rovero P, Quartara L, Giachetti A, Maggi CA (1993) Characterization of the tachykinin neurokinin-2 receptor in the human urinary bladder by means of selective receptor antagonists and peptidase inhibitors. J Pharmac Exp Ther 267:590–595

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakenberg OW, Linne C, Manseck A, Wirth MP (2000) Bladder wall thickness in normal adults and men with mild lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic enlargement. Neurourol Urodyn 19(5):585–593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanani M, Maudlej N (1995) Intracellular recordings from intramural neurons in the guinea pig urinary bladder. J Neurophysiol 74(6):2358–2365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna-Mitchell AT, Brider LA (2008) New insights into the pharmacology of the bladder. Curr Opin Urol 18:347–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy LA, Harvey IJ, Chambers P, Gillespie JI (2000) A putative alternatively spliced variant of the P2X(1) purinoreceptor in human bladder. Exp Physiol 85:461–463

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartzell C, Putzier I, Arreola J (2005) Calcium-activated chloride channels. Ann Rev Physiol 67:719–758

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashitani H (2006) Interaction between interstitial cells and smooth muscles in the lower urinary tract and penis. J Physiol 576(3):707–714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashitani H, Brading AF (2003a) Electrical properties of detrusor smooth muscles from the pig and human urinary bladder. Br J Pharmac 140:146–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashitani H, Brading AF (2003b) Ionic basis for the regulation of spontaneous excitation in detrusor smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig urinary bladder. Br J Pharmac 140:159–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashitani H, Fukuta H, Takano H, Klemm M, Suzuki H (2001) Origin and propagation of spontaneous excitation in smooth muscle of the guinea-pig urinary bladder. J Physiol 530:273–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashitani H, Yanai Y, Suzuki H (2004) Role of interstitial cells and gap junctions in the transmission of spontaneous Ca2+ signals in detrusor smooth muscles of the guinea-pig urinary bladder. J Physiol 559(2):567–581

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hegde SS, Eglen RM (1999) Muscarinic receptor subtypes modulating smooth muscle contractility in the urinary bladder. Life Sci 64:419–428

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera GM, Heppner TJ, Nelson MT (2000) Regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contractions by ryanodine receptors and BK and SK channels. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279:R60–R68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera GM, Heppner TJ, Nelson MT (2001) Voltage dependence of the coupling of Ca2+ sparks to BKCa channels in urinary bladder smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 280:C481–C490

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollywood AM, Woolsey S, Walsh IK, Keane PF, McHale NG, Thornbury KD (2003) T- and L-type Ca2+ currents in freshly dispersed smooth muscle cells from the human proximal urethra. J Physiol 550(3):753–764

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hristov KL, Chen M, Kellett WF, Rovner ES, Petkov GV (2011) Large-conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+-channels regulate human detrusor smooth muscle function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 301:C903–C912

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Igawa Y, Yamazaki Y, Takeda H, Hayakawa K, Akahane M, Ajisawa Y, Yoneyama T, Nishizawa O, Andersson KE (1999) Functional and molecular biological evidence for a possible β3—adrenoceptor in the human detrusor muscle. Br J Pharmac 126:819–825

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Igawa Y, Yamazaki Y, Takeda H, Kaidoh K, Akahane M, Ajisawa Y, Yoneyama T, Nishizawa O, Andersson KE (2001) Relaxant effects of isoproterenol and selective β3-adrenoceptor agonists on normal, low compliant and hyperreflexic human bladders. J Urol 165:240–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • John H, Wang X, Wehrli E, Hauri D, Maake C (2003) Evidence of gap junctions in the stable nonobstructed human bladder. J Urol 169:745–749

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kajioka S, Nakayama S, McMurray G, Abe K, Brading AF (2002) Ca2+ channel properties in smooth muscle cells of the urinary bladder from pig and human. Eur J Pharmac 443:19–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanjhan R, Osborne PB, Ouyang M, Keast JR (2003) Postnatal maturational changes in rat pelvic autonomic ganglion cells: a mixture of steroid-dependent and - independent effects. J Neurophysiol 89:315–323

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinder MV, Gommer ED, Janknegt RA, van Waalwijk Doorn ESC (1998) A method for the electromyographic mapping of the detrusor smooth muscle. Arch Physiol Biochem 105(7):673–690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klemm MF, Exintaris B, Lang RJ (1999) Identification of the cells underlying pacemaker activity in the guinea-pig upper urinary tract. J Physiol 519:836–867

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi H, Adachi-Akahane S, Nagao T (2000) Involvement of BKca channels in relaxation of detrusor muscle via β-adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmac 404:231–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotlikoff MI, Dhulipala P, Wang YX (1999) M2 signaling in smooth muscle cells. Life Sci 64:437–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krywonosa J, Fenwickbc J, Elkuta F, Jenkinsona I, Liud YH, Bruntb JNH, Scottb A, Malik Z, Eswarb C, Rena XJ (2010) MRI image-based FE modelling of the pelvis system and bladder filling, Comp Meth Biomech Biomed Eng 1–8. doi:10.1080/102558-40903446961

  • Kubota Y, Kajioka S, Biers SM, Yokota E, Kohri K, Brading AF (2004) Investigation of the effect of the c-kit inhibitor Glivec on isolated guinea-pig detrusor preparations. Auton Neurosci 115:64–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubota Y, Kojima Y, Shibata Y, Imura M, Sasaki S, Kohri K (2011) Role of kit-positive interstitial cells of Cajal in the urinary bladder and possible therapeutic target for overactive bladder. Adv Urol. doi:10.1155/2011/816342

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laurenza A, Sutkowski EM, Seamon KB (1989) Forskolin: a specific stimulator of adenylyl cyclase or a diterpene with multiple sites of action. Trends Pharmac Sci 10:442–447

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Layne JJ, Nausch B, Olesen S-P, Nelson MT (2010) BK channel activation by NS11021 decreases excitability and contractility of urinary bladder smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 298(2):R378–R384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JH, Kim EG, Park BG, Kim KH, Cha SK, Kong ID, Lee JW, Jeong SW (2002) Identification of T-type alpha1H Ca2+ channels (Ca(v)3.2) in major pelvic ganglion neurons. J Neurophysiol 87:2844–2850

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leslie SW (2009) Urology board review. McGraw-Hill, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Mabuchi K, Li B, Ip W, Tao T (1997) Association of calponin with desmin intermediate filaments. J Biol Chem 272:22662–22666

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maggi CA, Patacchini R, Santicioli P, Turini D, Barbanti G, Beneforti P, Rovero P, Meli A (1989) Further studies on the motor response of the human isolated urinary bladder to tachykinins, capsaicin and electrical field stimulation. Gen Pharmac 20:663–669

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malbrain MLNG, Deeren DH (2006) Effect of bladder volume on measured intravesical pressure: a prospective cohort study, Critical care 10:R98. doi:10.1186/cc4962

  • Malloy BJ, Price DT, Price RR, Bienstock AM, Dole MK, Funk BL, Rudner XL, Richardson CD, Donatucci CF, Schwinn DA (1998) Alpha1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in human detrusor. J Urol 160:937–943

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malmqvist U, Arner A, Uvelius B (1991a) Contractile and cytoskeletal proteins in smooth muscle during hypertrophy and its reversal. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 260:C1085–C1093

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malmqvist U, Arner A, Uvelius B (1991b) Cytoskeletal and contractile proteins in detrusor smooth muscle from bladders with outlet obstruction—a comparative study in rat and man. Scand J Urol Nephrol 25:261–267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield KJ, Liu L, Mitchelson FJ, Moore KH, Millard RJ, Burcher E (2005) Muscarinic receptor subtypes in human bladder detrusor and mucosa, studied by radioligand binding and quantitative competitive RT–PCR: changes in ageing. Br J Pharmac 144(8):1089–1099

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin AF, Bhatti S, Pyne-Geithman GJ, Farjah M, Manaves V, Walker L, Franks R, Strauch AR, Paul RJ (2007) Expression and function of COOH terminal myosin heavy chain isoforms in mouse smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 293:C238–C245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattiasson A, Andersson KE, Elbadawi A, Morgan E, Sjogren C (1987) Interaction between adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals in the urinary bladder of rabbit, cat and man. J Urol 137:1017–1019

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey KD (2010) Interstitial cells in the urinary bladder—localization and function. Neurourol Urodyn 29:82–87

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey KD, Gurney AM (2002) Kit positive cells in the guinea pig bladder. J Urol 168:832–836

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McHale NG, Hollywood MA, Sergeant GP, Shafei M, Thornbury KT, Ward SM (2006) Organization and function of ICC in the urinary tract. J Physiol 576(3):689–694

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng E, Cha T-L (2009) Spontaneous activity of the detrusor and its involvement in generating bladder overactivity. JTUA 20(2):57–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel MC, Chapple CR (2009) Basic mechanisms of urgency: roles and benefits of pharmacotherapy. World J Urol 27:705–709

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miralbell R, Nouet P, Rouzaud M, Bardina A, Hejira N, Schneider D (1998) Radiotherapy of bladder cancer: relevance of bladder volume changes in planning boost treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 41(4):741–746

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison J, Birder LA, Craggs M, de Groat W, Downie J, Drake M, Fowler C, Thor K (2006) Neural control. Plymbridge Distributors Ltd, Plymouth, pp 363–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Murakumo M, Ushiki T, Abe K, Matsumura K, Shinno Y, Koyanagi T (1995) Three-dimensional arrangement of collagen and elastin fibers in the human urinary bladder: a scanning electron microscopic study. J Urol 154:251–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagatomi J, Toosi KK, Chancellor MB, Sacks MS (2007) Contribution of the extracellular matrix to the viscoelastic behavior of the urinary bladder wall. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 7(5):395–404

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhaus J, Weimann A, Stolzenburg J-U, Wolburg H, Horn L-C, Dorscher W (2002) Smooth muscle cells from human urinary bladder express connexin 43 in vivo and in vitro. Worl J Urol 20(4):250–254

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly BA, Kosaka AH, Chang TK, Ford AP, Popert R, McMahon SB (2001) A quantitative analysis of purinoceptor expression in the bladders of patients with symptomatic outlet obstruction. BJU Int 87:617–622

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oger S, Behr-Roussel D, Gorny D, Lebret T, Alexandre L, Giuliano F (2007) Relaxation of phasic contractile activity of human detrusor strips by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibition. Eur Urol 51(3):772–781

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palea S, Corsi M, Artibani W, Ostardo E, Pietra C (1996) Pharmacological characterization of tachykinin NK2 receptors on isolated human urinary bladder, prostatic urethra and prostate. J Pharmac Exp Ther 277:700–705

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Reyez E (2003) Molecular physiology of low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels. Physiol Rev 83:117–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinkawa M, Asadpour B, Siluschek J, Gagel B, Piroth M, Demirel C, Elbe M (2007) Bladder extension variability during pelvic external beam radiotherapy with a full or empty bladder. Radiot Oncol 83(2):163–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pittam BS, Burnstock G, Purves RD (1987) Urinary bladder intramural neurones: an electrophysiological study utilizing a tissue culture preparation. Brain Res 403(2):267–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roeske JC, Forman JD, Mesina CF, He T, Pelizzari CA, Fontenla E, Vijayakumar S, Chen GT (1995) Evaluation of changes in the size and location of the prostate, seminal vesicles, bladder and rectum during a course of external beam radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 33(5):1321–1329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roosen A, Wu C, Sui G, Chowdhury BA, Patel PM, Fry CH (2009) Characteristics of spontaneous activity in the bladder trigone. Eur Urol 56:346–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubinstein M, Sampaio FJ, Costa WS (2007) Stereological study of collagen and elastic system in the detrusor muscle of bladders from controls and patients with infravesical obstruction. Int Braz J Urol 33(1):33–39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt F, Shin P, Jorgense TM (2002) Urodynamic patterns of normal male micturition: influence of water consumption on urine production and detrusor function. J Urol 168:1458–1463

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigala S, Mirabella G, Peroni A, Pezzotti G, Simeone C, Spano P, Cunico SC (2002) Differential gene expression of cholinergic muscarinic receptor subtypes in male and female normal human urinary bladder. Urol 60:719–725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Small JV, Gimona M (1997) The cytoskeleton of the vertebrate smooth muscle cell. Acta Physiol Scand 164:341–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Small JV, Furst DO, De Mey J (1986) Localization of filamin in smooth muscle. J Cell Biol 102:210–220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smet PJ, Moore KH, Jonavicius J (1997) Distribution and colocalization of calcitonin gene-related peptide, tachykinins, and vasoactive intestinal peptide in normal and idiopathic unstable human urinary bladder. Lab Invest 77:37–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sui GP, Wu C, Fry CH (2001) Inward Ca2+ currents in cultured and freshly isolated detrusor muscle cells—evidence of a T-type Ca2+ current. J Urol 165:627–631

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sui GP, Wu C, Fry CH (2003) A description of Ca2+ channels in human detrusor smooth muscle. BJU Int 92(4):476–482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sui GP, Wu C, Severs N, Newgreen D, Fry CH (2006) The association between t-type Ca2+ current and outward current in isolated human detrusor cells from stable and overactive bladders. BJU Internat 99(2):436–441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sui G, Fry CH, Malone-Lee J, Wu C (2009) Aberrant Ca2+ oscillations in smooth muscle cells from overactive human bladders. Cell Calcium 45:456–464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabatabai M, Booth AM, de Groat WC (1986) Morphological and electrophysio-logical properties of pelvic ganglion cells in the rat. Brain Res 382:61–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi R, Nishimura J, Hirano K, Seki N, Naito S, Kanaide H (2004) Ca2+ sensitization in contraction of human bladder smooth muscle. J Urol 172:748–752

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda M, Obara K, Mizusawa T, Tomita Y, Arai K, Tsutsui T, Hatano A, Takahashi K, Nomura S (1999) Evidence for beta3-adrenoceptor subtypes in relaxation of the human urinary bladder detrusor: analysis by molecular biological and pharmacological methods. J Pharmac Exp Ther 288:1367–1373

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan H, Mawe GM, Vizzard MA (2007) Electrical properties of neurons in the intact rat major pelvic ganglion. Auton Neurosci 134(1–2):26–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tian L, McClafferty H, Chen L, Shipston MJ (2008) Reversible tyrosine protein phosphorylation regulates large conductance voltage- and calcium-activated potassium channels via cortactin. J Biol Chem 283:3076

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomoda T, Aishima M, Takano N, Nakano T, Seki N, Yonemitsu Y, Sueishi K, Naito S, Ito Y, Teramoto N (2005) The effects of flavoxate hydrochloride on voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ currents in human urinary bladder. Br J Pharmac 146(1):25–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tonini M, Messori E, Franceschetti GP, Rizzi CA, Castoldi AF, Coccini T, Candura SM (1994) Characterization of the 5-HT receptor potentiating neuromuscular cholinergic transmission in strips of human isolated detrusor muscle. Br J Pharmac 113:1–2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Truss MC, Uckert S, Stief CG, Forssmann WG, Jonas U (1996a) Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterae (PDE) isoenzymes in the human detrusor smooth muscle. II Effect of various PDE inhibitors on smooth muscle tone and cyclic nucleotide levels in vitro. Urol Res 24:129–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Truss MC, Uckert S, Stief CG, Kuczyk M, Jonas U (1996b) Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes in the human detrusor smooth muscle. I. Identification and characterization. Urol Res 24:123–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Truss MC, Stief CG, Uckert S, Becker AJ, Wefer J, Schultheiss D et al (2001) Phosphodiesterase 1 inhibition in the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction: from bench to bedside. World J Urol 19:344–350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uckert S, Stief CG, Odenthal KP, Truss MC, Lietz B, Jonas U (2000) Responses of isolated normal human detrusor muscle to various spasmolytic drugs commonly used in the treatment of the overactive bladder. Arzneimittelforschung 50:456–460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uckert S, Seemann C, Stief CG et al (2002) Funktionelle in vitro-effekte cAMP/cGMP-modulierender pharmaka am humanen detrusormuskel. J Urol Urogynakol 1:7–14

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Aa F, Roskams T, Byweet W, Ost D, Bogaert G, De Ridder D (2004) Identification of kit positive cells in the human urinary bladder. J Urol 171:2492–2496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villeirs GM, Meerleer G, Verstraete K, Neve W (2004) Magnetic resonance assessment of prostate localization variability in intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60(5):1611–1621

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Visser AJ, van Mastrigt R (1999) Intracellular recording of spontaneous electrical activity in human urinary bladder smooth muscle strips. Arch Physiol Biochem 107(3):257–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visser AJ, van Mastrigt R (2000) The role of intracellular and extracellular calcium in mechanical and intracellular electrical activity of human urinary bladder smooth muscle. Urol Res 28:260–268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visser AJ, van Mastrigt R (2001) Intracellular electrical activity in human urinary bladder smooth muscle: the effect of high sucrose medium. Urol Int 66:205–211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang HZ, Brink PR, Christ GJ (2006) Gap junction channel activity in short-term cultured human detrusor myosyte cell pairs: gating and unitary conductances. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291:C1366–C1376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warner FJ, Miller RC, Burcher E (2003) Human tachykinin NK2 receptor: a comparative study of the colon and urinary bladder. Clin Exp Pharmac Physiol 30(9):632–639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wegener JW, Schulla V, Lee TS, Koller A, Feil S, Feil R, Kleppisch T, Klugbauer N, Moosmang S, Welling A, Hofmann F (2004) An essential role of Cav1.2 L-type calcium channel for urinary bladder function. FASEB J 18:1159–1161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler MA, Ayyagari RA, George L, Wheeler GL, Weiss RM (2005) Regulation of cyclic nucleotides in the urinary tract. J Smooth Muscle Res 41(1):1–21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson CB, Leopard J, Cheresh DA, Nakamura RM (1996) Extracellular matrix and integrin composition of the normal bladder wall. World J Urol 14(Suppl 1):S30–S37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wognum S, Schmidt DE, Sacks MS (2009) On the mechanical role of de novo synthesized elastin in the urinary bladder wall. Biomech Eng 131(10):101018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada KM, Geiger B (1997) Molecular interactions in cell adhesion complexes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 9:76–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi O (2002) Beta3-adrenoceptors in human detrusor muscle. Urol 59:25–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi O, Shishido K, Tamura K, Ogawa T, Fujimura T, Ohtsuka M (1996) Evaluation of mRNAs encoding muscarinic receptor subtypes in human detrusor muscle. J Urol 156:1208–1213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida M, Miyamae K, Iwashita H, Otani M, Inadome A (2004) Management of detrusor dysfunction in the elderly: changes in acetylcholine and adenosine triphosphate release during aging. Urol 63:17–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida M, Masunaga K, Satoji Y, Maeda Y, Nagata T, Inadome A (2008) Basic and clinical aspects of non-neuronal acetylcholine: expression of non-neuronal acetylcholine in uriothelium and its clinical significance. J Pharmac Sci 106:193–198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura N, de Groat WC (1996) Characterization of voltage-sensitive Na+ and K+ currents recorded from acutely dissociated pelvic ganglion neurons of the adult rat. J Neurophysiol 76:2508–2521

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura N, Kaiho Y, Miyazato M, Yunoki T, Tai C, Chancellor MB, Tyagi P (2008) Therapeutic targets for lower urinary tract dysfunction. Naynun Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmac 377:437–448

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zagorodnyuk VP, Gregory S, Costa M, Brookes SJH, Tramontana M, Giuliani S, Maggi CA (2010) Spontaneous release of acetylcholine from autonomic nerves in the bladder. Br J Pharmac 157:607–619

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zamir E, Geiger B (2001) Molecular complexity and dynamics of cell-matrix adhesions. J Cell Sci 114:3583–3590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng XP, Moore KH, Burcher E (1995) Characterization of tachykinin NK2 receptors in human urinary bladder. J Urol 153:1688–1692

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, 26671, Bahrain

    Roustem N. Miftahof

  2. Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Sang-Ri 50-1, Daegu, 711-873, Republic of Korea

    Hong Gil Nam

Authors
  1. Roustem N. Miftahof
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hong Gil Nam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roustem N. Miftahof .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Miftahof, R.N., Nam, H.G. (2013). The Bladder as a Dynamic System. In: Biomechanics of the Human Urinary Bladder. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36146-3_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation