Abstract
This chapter specifies, profiles, and evaluates the unit of analysis chosen for the present study, i.e. the manager for whom the impact of discretion on performance is being investigated. As there is a particular need to clarify the performance impact of discretion at the middle management level in China, the unit of analysis is the plant manager of small and medium-sized enterprises in the manufacturing sector throughout mainland China, which covers both domestic Chinese firms and foreign multinationals. A demographic profile is inferred from a representative sample of 467 plant managers, including age, gender, education, work experience, organisational structure, and span of control. Furthermore, the plant manager’s context in China is discussed with respect to position, firm size, industry, region, and time-related aspects. Finally, this chapter meticulously evaluates the unit of analysis in terms of statistical conclusion validity, reliability, construct validity, internal validity, and external validity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
As explained in Sect. 3.1, there are tens of thousands of plant managers in China alone (Guojia tongji ju [National Bureau of Statistics] 2007, 14–1, 14–2, 14–18). With plant managers being but one example of middle managers, this translates into an even larger number of middle managers in organisations worldwide.
- 2.
The empirical data on the unit of analysis in the present study (McKinsey & Company—London School of Economics—Stanford University, 2008; see Sect. 1.3) is a statistically representative sample of 467 Chinese firms and multinationals in China (see Sect. 5.5), which was collected using a standardised scoring system during 467 detailed ‘double-blind’ interviews with plant managers of approximately 45 minutes each by specially-trained native Chinese graduate students from top business schools (see Sect. 5.2).
- 3.
Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan are excluded from this study in line with most statistics in the China Statistical Yearbook 2007 (Guojia tongji ju [National Bureau of Statistics] 2007: Bianzhe shuoming [Editor’s notes]).
- 4.
As shown in Figure 3.3 in Sect. 3.2.2, nearly 30,000 firms with 300 to 2,000 employees are recorded in official government statistics in the manufacturing sector in China. As the sample of the present study applies to manufacturing firms with 150–5,000 employees, the number of comparable firms in the theoretical population is expected to be even larger. Moreover, with generally one or more plant managers per firm, the number of plant managers is expected to be yet larger, and is therefore here expressed as ‘tens of thousands’.
- 5.
Table 3.2 uses sample means to calculate 95 % confidence intervals for population means, which are expected to contain the true population parameters with a 95 % probability. As described above, the required assumption of the sample’s representativeness is satisfied (see Sect. 5.5). Provided that a given characteristic of the plant manager (e.g. age) is an independent and identically-distributed random variable with finite mean and variance, its sample mean will follow a normal distribution in the limit as the sample size approaches infinity (the central limit theorem: CLT; see e.g. Shao 2003, pp. 67–70). While sample sizes are far from infinity in practice, sample sizes of at least 30 cases have often been deemed sufficient for applying the CLT, although some scholars have argued that 250 cases are required since the underlying population may exhibit strong distortion from normality (see Yu and Behrens 1995, pp. 5–6). Even this conservative threshold is easily met by the present study’s sample of 467 firms, and the distribution of the sample means of the plant manager’s characteristics can thus be approximated by normal distributions. As sample variances are used to proxy the unknown population variances, the Student’s t-distribution is applied for constructing the confidence intervals, which adjusts the normal distribution for the uncertainty of estimating the population variance and approaches the normal distribution as the sample size tends to infinity.
- 6.
Section 2.2.3 has demonstrated that units of analysis (i.e. managers whose discretion is analysed) have varied in terms of these characteristics across studies in the literature on the impact of discretion on performance. Moreover, as shown below, according to these five characteristics, the study’s unit of analysis is specified as (1) the plant manager (i.e. the most senior manager at a plant below the firm’s CEO in mainland China) (2) of small and medium-sized enterprises (i.e. firms with 150–5,000 employees in total in mainland China) (3) in the manufacturing sector (i.e. primary US SIC code from 20 to 39) (4) throughout mainland China (i.e. all of China excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) (5) in the latter half of 2007 (i.e. July to December 2007). This covers plant managers in both domestic Chinese firms and foreign multinationals.
- 7.
- 8.
See Sect. 5.1 on statistical conclusion validity (e.g. Albers and Hildebrandt 2006, pp. 2–33; Arteaga et al. 2010, p. 164; Backhaus et al. 2006, p. 97; Barroso et al. 2010, p. 437; Baumgartner and Homburg 1996; Bentler and Chou 1987; Bentler and Weeks 1980; Betzin and Henseler 2005, p. 50; Bliemel et al. 2005, pp. 10–11; Bollen 1989, pp. 1–9; Bollen and Davis 1994; Boßow-Thies and Albers 2010, pp. 595–596; Carte and Russell 2003, pp. 480–495; Chin 1995, pp. 315–319, 1998, pp. 318–320, 2000, pp. 1–2, 2001, 2002, p. 94, 2010, p. 670; Chin and Newsted 1999, pp. 309–314; Chow 1960, pp. 595–604; Cohen 1988, pp. 410–413; Coheris Spad 2007; Cortina et al. 2001, pp. 334–359; Diamantopoulos and Schlegelmilch 2006, p. 217; Diamantopoulos and Siguaw 2006, p. 271; Duarte and Raposo 2010, p. 463; Efron and Gong 1983, pp. 40–46; Efron and Tibshirani 1993, pp. 145–147; Eggert et al. 2005, pp. 102–108; Esposito Vinzi et al. 2010, pp. 48–66; Falk and Miller 1992, p. 5; Fassott 2005, pp. 24–29; Fassott and Eggert 2005, pp. 26–32; Finkelstein and Boyd 1998, p. 186; Fornell 1987; Fornell and Bookstein 1982a, pp. 289–302, 1982b, pp. 440–451; Fornell and Larcker 1981, pp. 45–46; Fu 2006; Gallese and Prugent 2007; Garson 2002, p. 144; Götz and Liehr-Gobbers 2004, pp. 727–731; Henseler and Fassott 2010, p. 721; Herrmann et al. 2006, p. 61; Homburg and Baumgartner 1995b; Homburg and Dobratz 1998, p. 450; Hsieh et al. 2008, p. 108; Irwin and McClelland 2001, p. 105; James et al. 1982, pp. 110–112; Jöreskog 1970, 1981; Jöreskog and Sörbom 1982, 1988; Kaplan 2000, pp. 1–12; Krafft et al. 2005, pp. 73–83; Krzanowski 2003, p. xv; Yuan Li 2005; Lohmöller 1987, 1988, p. 126, 1989; MacCallum and Browne 1993, pp. 533–540; Ping 2005, p. 2; Qureshi and Compeau 2009, p. 199; Ringle 2009; Ringle et al. 2005, 2010, p. 205; Rodgers and Pavlou 2003, p. 25; Sánchez 2009, p. 3; Satorra and Bentler 2001; Schepers et al. 2005, p. 504; Scholderer and Balderjahn 2005, pp. 88–94; Temme and Kreis 2005, p. 195; Temme et al. 2006, pp. 1–2; Tenenhaus et al. 2004, pp. 739–742; Tenenhaus et al. 2005, pp. 173–190; van Oppen et al. 2005, p. 19; Wold 1966, 1973, 1975, p. 351, 1980, pp. 70–71, 1982, 1985, 1989).
- 9.
See Sect. 5.2 on reliability (e.g. Albers 2010, p. 411; Albright and Malloy 2000, p. 349; Babbie 1990, p. 187; Bagozzi 1980; Bagozzi and Yi 1988, p. 82; Beyth-Marom 1982; Blalock 1964; Bloom and Van Reenen 2007, pp. 1365–1366; Bollen and Lennox 1991; Carmines and Zeller 1979, pp. 29–62; Chin 1998, p. 320; Churchill 1987; Coltman et al. 2008; Crocker and Algina 1986; Cronbach 1951, p. 297; Diamantopoulos 1999, pp. 447–453; Diamantopoulos and Siguaw 2006, pp. 270–271; Dillman 1978, p. 56; Esposito Vinzi et al. 2010, pp. 50–51; Fornell and Larcker 1981, p. 45; Garson 2002, p. 199; Gliner and Morgan 2000, pp. 312–316; Groves 1990, pp. 226–233; Herrmann et al. 2006, p. 30; Holbrook et al. 2003, pp. 81–86, 109–110; Krafft 1999, p. 124; Krafft et al. 2005, pp. 73–75; Krafft et al. 2003, p. 102; Lavrakas 2008, p. 250; Lichtenstein and Newman 1967; Manski 2004, p. 10; March and Simon 1958, pp. 140–141; Novick and Lewis 1967, pp. 1–13; Nunnally 1978, p. 245; Ping 2005, p. 2; Rossiter 2002, pp. 307–315; Sánchez 2009, p. 3; Scholderer and Balderjahn 2005, pp. 88–89; Schwester 2007, pp. 270–272; Spearman 1904; Tenenhaus et al. 2005, p. 164; Wallsten et al. 1986; Werts et al. 1974).
- 10.
See Sect. 5.3 on construct validity (e.g. Ahuja and Thatcher 2005, p. 446; Albers 2010, p. 411; Albright and Malloy 2000, p. 349; Arnold 1982; Arteaga et al. 2010, p. 164; Bagozzi and Yi 1988, p. 82; Balderjahn 1986, p. 236; Barroso et al. 2010, p. 437; Baumgartner and Homburg 1996; Bido 2007; Blalock 1964; Bohrnstedt 1970, p. 92; Bollen and Lennox 1991, p. 308; Boßow-Thies and Albers 2010, p. 596; Bromley 2002, p. 35; Campbell and Fiske 1959, p. 81; Carmines and Zeller 1979, p. 53; Carte and Russell 2003, pp. 493–494; Caza 2007, p. 40; Chin 1998, p. 318, Chin 2000, pp. 1–2, Chin 2010, p. 670; Chin et al. 2003, p. 194; Churchill 1979, 1987; Coltman et al. 2008; Cronbach and Meehl 1955; Diamantopoulos 1999, pp. 447–453; Diamantopoulos and Siguaw 2006, p. 271; Diamantopoulos and Winklhofer 2001, p. 272; Donsbach and Traugott 2008, p. 364; Duarte and Raposo 2010, p. 463; Eggert and Fassott 2003, pp. 5–9; Esposito Vinzi et al. 2010, pp. 50–51; Esposito Vinzi et al. 2003, p. 5; Fassott and Eggert 2005, p. 32; Fornell and Cha 1994, pp. 71–73; Fornell and Larcker 1981, pp. 45–46; Fornell et al. 1990, p. 1252; Fritz 1995, p. 136; Garson 2002, pp. 195–196; Geisser 1975, pp. 320–328; Gliner and Morgan 2000, pp. 321–322; Götz and Liehr-Gobbers 2004, p. 727; Hahn 2002, p. 104; Helm 2005, pp. 249–252; Henseler and Fassott 2010, pp. 719–721; Herrmann et al. 2006, pp. 24–30; Hinkel 2001, p. 291; Homburg and Baumgartner 1995b, p. 1093; Homburg and Dobratz 1998, p. 450; Homburg and Giering 1996, p. 12; Hsieh et al. 2008, p. 109; Hu and Olshfski 2007, p. 207; Hulland 1999, pp. 198–199; Jarvis et al. 2003, p. 202; Jöreskog and Wold 1982, p. 270; Keil et al. 2000, pp. 312–315; Krafft 1999, p. 124; Krafft et al. 2005, pp. 73–75; Krafft et al. 2003, p. 102; Lohmöller 1989, p. 36; Mosier 1947; Nunnally 1978, p. 111; Ping 2005, p. 1; Qureshi and Compeau 2009, pp. 197–199; Reinartz et al. 2004, p. 298; Rigdon et al. 1998, p. 1; Ringle et al. 2005; Rodgers and Pavlou 2003, p. 25; Rossiter 2002, p. 315; Ruiz et al. 2010, pp. 546–548; Sambamurthy and Chin 1994, pp. 231–232; Sánchez 2009, p. 3; Schepers et al. 2005, p. 504; Seltin and Keeves 1994, p. 4356; Stone 1974; Tenenhaus et al. 2005, pp. 163–174; van Oppen et al. 2005, p. 19; Venkatesh and Morris 2000, p. 126; Venkatraman 1989, p. 426; Wold 1982, p. 10; Zhu et al. 2006, pp. 529–530).
- 11.
See Sect. 5.4 on internal validity (e.g. Abraham et al. 2007, pp. 10–21; Albors et al. 2008; Ang and Straub 1998, p. 544; Ang 2008; Arafat et al. 1999, p. 90; Arnold 1982; Bachman and Schutt 2010, p. 170; Backhaus et al. 2006; Baum 1996; Bloom and Van Reenen 2007, pp. 1375–1381; Bound et al. 1984; Campbell and Fiske 1959, p. 81; Caza 2007, p. 46; Corcoran 2001, p. 154; Davis 1985, pp. 63–64; Diamantopoulos and Siguaw 2006, p. 270; Diamantopoulos and Winklhofer 2001, p. 272; Dibbern and Chin 2005, p. 144; Donsbach and Traugott 2008, p. 364; Eckey et al. 2004, p. 92; Efron and Gong 1983, pp. 37–38; Esposito Vinzi et al. 2010, p. 56; Evans 1987, p. 659; Finkelstein and Boyd 1998, p. 187; Finkelstein and Hambrick 1990, p. 500; Fornell and Bookstein 1982a; Fornell and Cha 1994, pp. 71–73; Galavan 2005, p. 174; Geisser 1975, pp. 320–328; Götz and Liehr-Gobbers 2004, pp. 727–731; Granger 1969; Grant and Rice 2007, p. 367; Greene 2003, pp. 57–58; Griliches and Mairesse 1990; Gujarati 2004, pp. 342–363; Hair et al. 1998, p. 208; Hannan and Freeman 1977; Hanssens et al. 2003, p. 298; Hatzichronoglou 1997, pp. 12–13; Hausman et al. 1984; Hellevik 1988, p. 38; Helm 2005, pp. 248–249; Henseler and Fassott 2010, pp. 719–721; Herrmann et al. 2006, pp. 55–61; Hu and Olshfski 2007, p. 207; Jaccard and Turrisi 2003, pp. 1–2; Jackman 1975, p. 182; Keuzenkamp 2000, p. 261; Kleinbaum et al. 1998, p. 214; Krafft et al. 2005, pp. 72–80; Kutner et al. 2004; Loschky 2008, pp. 3–7; Motulsky 2003, p. 106; OECD 2005, pp. 167–172; Oliinik 2008, p. 19; Onkelinx and Sleuwaegen 2010; Poncet et al. 2008, pp. 10–12; Rigdon et al. 1998, p. 1; Ringle et al. 2005; Rosenbaum 1989, p. 341; Sánchez 2008, p. 5; Sarkar et al. 2006; Shaughnessy et al. 2005, p. 367; Simon 1954, pp. 471–478; Singh and Lumsden 1990; Stone 1974; Taube 2005, pp. 4–13; Taube and Ögütçü 2002, pp. 18–23; Temme et al. 2006, p. 18; Tenenhaus et al. 2005, pp. 174–177; Venkatraman 1989, p. 426; Wagner 2002, pp. 287–292; Wald et al. 1988, p. 72; Wooldridge 2002, p. 95).
- 12.
See Sect. 5.5 on external validity (e.g. Abraham et al. 2007; Bureau van Dijk 2005, p. 2, 2006/2007, p. 2; Fogiel 2000, pp. 158–160; Garson 2002, pp. 139–196; Gliner and Morgan 2000, p. 148; Groves 1990, p. 233; Groves et al. 2009, pp. 54–56; Groves and Lyberg 2001, p. 195; Guojia tongji ju [National Bureau of Statistics] 2003, 2007, 14–1, 14–2, 14–18; McCarty 2003, p. 397; ISIC Rev.3.1; National Bureau of Statistics 2002; Northrop and Arsenault 2007, pp. 235–236; Oliinik 2008; Poncet et al. 2008, p. 8; Ringle et al. 2005; Schofield 2006, pp. 28–29; Schwester 2007, pp. 272–273; Stuart 1984; Temme et al. 2006, pp. 7–8; The American Association for Public Opinion Research 2008, pp. 34–35; United Nations 2007, p. 63; Whyte 2000, p. 62; Wooldridge 2002, pp. 298–299).
- 13.
Although the unit of analysis is an individual (i.e. the plant manager), the present study often equivalently refers to the number of interviews or firms, as in the discussion of sampling in Sect. 5.5. This is appropriate given that sampling confines itself to one interview per plant manager and one plant manager per firm.
- 14.
For industrial enterprises, a granular size division standard has been formulated by the National Bureau of Statistics and other institutions in China (National Bureau of Statistics 1992). The institutions that developed the ‘Division Standard for Large/Medium/Small Sized Industrial Enterprises’ in 1988 (it was supplemented in 1992) are the State Economic Commission, the State Development Planning Commission (now the National Development and Reform Commission, NDRC), the National Bureau of Statistics, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Labor and Personnel, and the State Industrial Census Office. Enterprises are classified as oversized, large (large I and large II), medium (medium I and medium II), and small. The categorisation is based on production capacity and the value of productive fixed assets with thresholds varying according to a detailed breakdown by industry branch. For a broader range of industries including services, there is a less granular size division standard (Guojia tongji ju [National Bureau of Statistics], 2003). The standard was developed based on the ‘Notification on Printing and Distributing the Preliminary Standard of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises’ (State Commission for Economics and Trade: SMEs, 2003, No. 143; ‘Guanyu yinfa zhongxiaoqiye biaozhun zanxing guiding de tongzhi’, ‘guojingmao zhongxiaoqi, 2003, 143 hao’; translated by the author) by the State Commission for Economics and Trade (‘guojia jingmaowei’), the State Planning Commission (‘guojia jiwei’, now the National Development and Reform Commission, NDRC), the Ministry of Finance (‘caizhengbu’), and the National Bureau of Statistics (‘guojia tongjiju’). Enterprises are classified as large (‘daxing’), medium-sized (‘zhongxing’) and small (‘xiaoxing’). Firms must simultaneously satisfy three size thresholds (number of people employed, sales volume, and total assets) in order to be allocated to a particular size class. In the manufacturing industry, for example, a necessary (but not sufficient) condition is having 2,000 or more employees for being classified as large, 300 to less than 2,000 employees for medium-sized, and less than 300 employees for small enterprises.
- 15.
Details on the measurement of firm size in the present study are presented in Sect. 4.2.4. Moreover, section 5.5 establishes that the present study’s sample is representative of theoretical population in terms of firm size, with a nearly equal maximum, minimum, and average number of employees in the sample and population.
- 16.
There are various alternative industrial classification systems available, such as the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which has a more granular classification code (up to six digits) than SIC (up to four digits) and the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), on which the data published by the National Bureau of Statistics of China is based. SIC was chosen due to its availability in the dataset used to draw up the sampling frame (see Sect. 5.5.1). As the six digit granularity of NAICS codes is not required in the present study and SIC codes can be translated into ISIC codes by means of correspondence tables (see Sect. 5.5.4), the SIC is as suitable as the alternative classification systems in the context of this research. An overview of the SIC division structure is available at http://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/sic_manual.html.
- 17.
Section 5.5.4 tabulates the distribution of the present study’s sample and population by industry branches within the manufacturing sector. Strong statistical representativeness is established, with Pearson’s r = 0.99 for the correlation of industry branch proportions between the study’s sample and the theoretical population.
- 18.
Section 5.5.4 provides the regional distribution of the present study’s sample and population, whereby mainland China is divided into the six regions featured in the China Statistical Yearbook 2007 (Guojia tongji ju [National Bureau of Statistics] 2007, pp. 3–13). These six regions are North China (‘huabei’), Northeast China (‘dongbei’), East China (‘huadong’), Central South China (‘zhongnan’), Southwest China (‘xinan’), and Northwest China (‘xibei’). Again, strong statistical representativeness is demonstrated, with Pearson’s r = 0.99 for the correlation of regional proportions between the study’s sample and the theoretical population.
- 19.
The following statistics are based on market exchange rates rather than purchasing power parity.
- 20.
(Goldman Sachs 2005, p. 7; Guojia tongji ju [National Bureau of Statistics] 2011; Zhonghua renmin gongheguo zhongyang renmin zhengfu [The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China] 2008a). In 2003 Goldman Sachs predicted that China could become the second largest economy in the world (overtaking Japan) as early as 2016 and the largest economy (leapfrogging the United States) by 2041 (Goldman Sachs 2003, p. 3). During 2005 Goldman Sachs revised the estimated year in which China could ascend to the world’s biggest economy to 2040 (Goldman Sachs 2005, p. 7) and subsequently to 2035 (as cited by Macartney and Duncan 2005). In addition to economic power increasingly shifting towards China—a phenomenon whose scale has been argued to often be underestimated (see Moody 2011)—China’s political and military power have been mounting over the past decades and, although scepticism remains, some observers believe that China’s ascent to a superpower is now finally becoming a reality (see Miller 2005).
- 21.
As described in Chap. 5, in terms of the nomenclature defined by the utos system (Cronbach 1982), in experimental research designs experimenters give experimental stimuli or treatments (t) to the unit of analysis (u) in a given setting (s) and make observations (o) on input and output measures in order to infer causality.
- 22.
Granger (1969, p. 428) defines that ‘Y t is causing X t if we are better able to predict X t using all available information than if the information apart from Y t had been used.’ Granger shared the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2003 with Robert F. Engle III for their work on methods of analysing economic time series.
- 23.
It should be noted that the accuracy of GDP growth statistics published by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) has been questioned and some private institutions have put forward alternative measures of economic activity that exhibit more volatile growth rates. For example, according to the Goldman Sachs China Activity Index (GSCAI, which includes industrial production, transportation and electricity consumption) growth in real economic activity fell to 5.4 % in 1998 (vs. NBS: 7.8 %) and reached 13.1 % in 2004 (vs. NBS: 10.1 %). Although this would imply that China followed a less smooth development path than the NBS statistics suggest, the growth in real economic activity in China remains undeniably strong. From 2002 to 2007 the growth rates of the GSCAI have even exceeded the growth rates published by the NBS in every year (Gaosheng jituan quanqiu touzi yanjiu [Goldman Sachs Group Global Investment Research] 2008, p. 4).
- 24.
The eight major events for 2007 are (1) passing the ‘Property Right Law of the People’s Republic of China’ (‘wuquanfa’), (2) issuing the ‘Provisions of the People’s Republic of China on the Disclosure of Government Information’ (‘xinxi gongkai’), (3) making advances on saving energy and reducing emissions (‘jieneng jianpai’), (4) piloting basic medical insurance for the residents of cities and towns (‘chengzhen jumin jiben yiliao baoxian shidian’), (5) providing a minimum standard of living in rural areas (‘nongcun zuidi shenghuo baozhang’), (6) restraining the overheating of the economy (‘ezhi jingji guore’), (7) holding the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (‘shiqi da’), and (8) launching the satellite ‘Chang’e No. 1’ (‘Chang’e yi hao’) (Jingji guancha wang [The Economic Observer Online] 2007; translated by the author).
- 25.
Returning to the speeches of President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao at China’s Central Economic Work Conference in December 2008: ‘2008 was a very unusual and uncommon year in the development of the Communist Party and the country. In this year, we experienced several important challenges that were difficult to anticipate and rare in the history [of China]. Faced with these severe circumstances, our Communist Party united and led the entire nation to be of one heart and mind and join forces to achieve a common cause. In this way, we succeeded in fighting against the severe snow and frost disaster in the South and the exceptionally large disaster of the earthquake in Sichuan (Wenchuan). We held the Beijing Olympics and Paralympics successfully and our astronauts travelled to outer space in the space shuttle “Shenzhou No. 7”. We successfully hosted the Seventh Asia-Europe Meeting and calmly faced the spill-over effects of the international financial crisis […]’ (Zhonghua renmin gongheguo zhongyang renmin zhengfu [The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China] 2008c; translated by the author).
- 26.
- 27.
Formally, according to these five characteristics, the unit of analysis has been specified as being (1) the plant manager (i.e. the most senior manager at a plant below the firm’s CEO in mainland China) (2) of small and medium-sized enterprises (i.e. firms with 150–5,000 employees in total in mainland China) (3) in the manufacturing sector (i.e. primary US SIC code from 20 to 39) (4) throughout mainland China (i.e. all of China excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) (5) in the latter half of 2007 (i.e. July to December 2007).
References
Guojia tongji ju [National Bureau of Statistics]: 2007 nian guomin jingji pingwen kuaisu fazhan [Smooth and Rapid Development of the National Economy in 2007]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjfx/jdfx/t20080124_402460060.htm (2008). Accessed 08 March 2009
Abraham, F., Konings, J., Slootmaekers, V.: FDI spillovers in the Chinese manufacturing sector: evidence of firm heterogeneity. C.E.P.R. Discussion Paper No. DP6573. (2007)
A.O. Smith Corporation: Gongchang jingli zhiwei miaoshu [Plant manager job description]. http://www.aosmith.com.cn/business/joinus/SRDutyDes.aspx?id=972 (2011). Accessed 04 March 2011
Abraham, F., Konings, J., Slootmaekers, V.: FDI spillovers in the Chinese manufacturing sector: evidence of firm heterogeneity. C.E.P.R. Discussion Paper No. DP6573. (2007)
Acemoglu, D., Aghion, P., Lelarge, C., Van Reenen, J., Zilibotti, F.: Technology, information, and the decentralization of the firm. Q. J. Econ. 122(4), 1759–1799 (2007)
Ahuja, M.K., Thatcher, J.B.: Moving beyond intentions and toward the theory of trying: effects of work environment and gender on post-adoption information technology use. M.I.S. Quarterly 29(3), 427–459 (2005)
Albers, S.: PLS and success factor studies in marketing. In: Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (eds.) Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications in Marketing and Related Fields, pp. 409–426. Springer, Berlin, Germany (2010)
Albers, S., Hildebrandt, L.: Methodische Probleme bei der Erfolgsfaktorenforschung—Messfehler, formative versus reflektive Indikatoren und die Wahl des Strukturgleichungs-Modells. Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung 58, 2–33 (2006)
Albors, J., Hervas, J.L., Marquez, P., Martinez-Fernandez, M.C.: Application of the KISA concept to innovation dynamics and its impact on firms’ performance. Manag. Res. News 31(6), 404–417 (2008)
Albright, L., Malloy, T.E.: Experimental validity: Brunswik, Campbell, Cronbach, and enduring issues. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 4(4), 337–353 (2000)
Aminpour, S., Woetzel, J.R.: Applying lean manufacturing in China. The McKinsey Quarterly, 2006 Special Edition: Serving the New Chinese Consumer, pp. 40–49. (2006)
Ang, S.H.: Competitive Intensity and collaboration: impact on firm growth across technological environments. Strateg. Manag. J. 29(10), 1057–1075 (2008)
Ang, S., Straub, D.W.: Production and transaction economies and IS outsourcing: a study of the U.S. banking industry. MIS Q. 22(4), 535–552 (1998)
Arafat, R., Hammann, M., Lüder, C., Stoltz, N.: Außenwirtschaftsförderung. In: Derichs, C., Goydke, T., Pascha, W. (eds.) ‘Task Force’: Ein Gutachten zu den deutschen/europäischen Außen- und Außenwirtschaftsbeziehungen mit Japan, Duisburg Working Papers on East Asian Studies, vol. 27, pp. 88–108. Institute for East Asian Studies, Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany (1999)
Arnold, H.J.: Moderator variables: a clarification of conceptual, analytic, and psychometric issues. Organ. Behav. Hum. Perform. 29(2), 143–174 (1982)
Arteaga, F., Gallarza, M.G., Gil, I.: A new multiblock PLS based method to estimate causal models: application to the post-consumption behavior in tourism. In: Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (eds.) Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications in Marketing and Related Fields, pp. 141–170. Springer, Berlin, Germany (2010)
Babbie, E.R.: Survey Research Methods, 2nd edn. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA (1990)
Bachman, R., Schutt, R.K.: The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice, 4th edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA (2010)
Backhaus, K., Erichson, B., Plinke, W., Weiber, R.: Multivariate Analysemethoden: Eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung, 11th edn. Springer, Berlin, Germany (2006)
Bagozzi, R.P.: Causal Models in Marketing. Wiley, New York, NY (1980)
Bagozzi, R.P., Yi, Y.: On the evaluation of structural equation models. J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 16(1), 74–94 (1988)
Balderjahn, I.: Das umweltbewußte Konsumentenverhalten: Eine empirische Studie. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, Germany (1986)
Barroso, C., Cepeda Carrión, G., Roldán, J.L.: Applying maximum likelihood and PLS on different sample sizes: studies on SERVQUAL model and employee behavior model. In: Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (eds.) Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications in Marketing and Related Fields, pp. 427–448. Springer, Berlin, Germany (2010)
Baum, J.A.C.: Organizational ecology. In: Clegg, S.R., Hardy, C., Nord, W.R. (eds.) Handbook of Organization Studies, pp. 77–114. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA (1996)
Baumgartner, H., Homburg, C.: Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: a review. Int. J. Res. Mark. 13(2), 139–161 (1996)
Bayer, T.: China in der Krise: Dossier Der Absturz des roten Drachen. Financial Times Deutschland, 03 Dec 2008
BBC News: China overtakes Japan as world’s second-biggest economy. BBC News, 14 Feb 2011 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12427321 Accessed 08 Mar 2011
Bentler, P.M., Chou, C.P.: Practical issues in structural modeling. Socio. Meth. Res. 16(1), 78–117 (1987)
Bentler, P.M., Weeks, D.G.: Linear structural equations with latent variables. Psychometrika 45(3), 289–308 (1980)
Betzin, J., Henseler, J.: Einführung in die Funktionsweise des PLS-Algorithmus. In: Bliemel, F., Eggert, A., Fassott, G., Henseler, J. (eds.) Handbuch PLS-Pfadmodellierung: Methode, Anwendung, Praxisbeispiele. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany (2005)
Beyth-Marom, R.: How probable is probable? A numerical translation of verbal probability expressions. J. Forecast. 1, 257–269 (1982)
Bido, D.: smartpls.de: multi-group comparisons with PLS. http://www.smartpls.de/forum/viewtopic.php?t=152&highlight=smartpls (2007). Accessed 01 June 2009
Blalock, H.M.: Causal Inferences in Nonexperimental Research. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC (1964)
Bliemel, F., Eggert, A., Fassott, G., Henseler, J.: Die PLS-Pfadmodellierung: Mehr als eine Alternative zur Kovarianzstrukturanalyse. In: Bliemel, F., Eggert, A., Fassott, G., Henseler, J. (eds.) Handbuch PLS-Pfadmodellierung: Methode, Anwendung, Praxisbeispiele. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany (2005)
Bloom, N., Van Reenen, J.: Measuring and explaining management practices across firms and countries. Q. J. Econ. 122(4), 1351–1408 (2007)
Bloom, N., Dorgan, S., Dowdy, J., Van Reenen, J., Rippin, T.: Management Practices Across Firms and Nations. Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK (2005)
Bloom, N., Dorgan, S., Dowdy, J., Van Reenen, J.: Management practice and productivity: why they matter. McKinsey & Company Operations Extranet. http://www.mckinsey.it/storage/first/uploadfile/attach/140062/file/management_practice.pdf (2007). Accessed 27 June 2011
Bloom, N., Sadun, R., Van Reenen, J.: Measuring and Explaining Decentralization Across Firms and Countries. Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK (2008)
Bloom, N., Sadun, R., Van Reenen, J.: Do Private Equity Owned Firms Have Better Management Practices? Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK (2009a)
Bohrnstedt, G.W.: Reliability and validity assessment in attitude measurement. In: Summers, G.F. (ed.) Attitude Measurement, pp. 80–99. Rand McNally, London, UK (1970)
Bollen, K.A.: Structural Equations with Latent Variables. Wiley, New York, NY (1989)
Bollen, K.A., Davis, W.R.: Causal indicator models: identification, estimation, and testing. Paper presented at the 1993 American Sociological Association Convention, Miami, FL (1994)
Bollen, K.A., Lennox, R.: Conventional wisdom on measurement: a structural equation perspective. Psychol. Bull. 110(2), 305–314 (1991)
Boßow-Thies, S., Albers, S.: Application of PLS in marketing: content strategies on the Internet. In: Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (eds.) Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications in Marketing and Related Fields, pp. 589–604. Springer, Berlin, Germany (2010)
Bound, J., Cummins, C., Griliches, Z., Hall, B.H., Jaffe, A.B..: Who does R&D and who patents? In: Griliches, Z. (ed.) R&D, Patents and Productivity, pp. 21–54. Univeristy of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL (1984)
Bromley, D.B.: Comparing corporate reputations: league tables, quotients, benchmarks, or case studies? Corp. Reput. Rev. 5(1), 35–50 (2002)
Bureau van Dijk: Flyer—ORIANA. http://www.bvdep.com/pdf/brochure/ORIANA%20Flyer.pdf (2005). Accessed 10 Feb 2009
Bureau van Dijk: Brochure—ORIANA. http://www.bvdep.com/pdf/brochure/ORIANA%20brochure%20final.pdf (2006/2007). Accessed 14 Jan 2009
Businessworld: China’s Bitter-Sweet Growth Story. Businessworld (19 Feb 2011). http://www.businessworld.in/bw/2011_02_19_Chinas_BitterSweet_Growth_Story.html (2011). Accessed 08 Mar 2011
Campbell, D.T., Fiske, D.W.: Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychol. Bull. 56(2), 81–105 (1959)
CareerStrides: Plant manager resume sample. http://www.careerstrides.com/resume_samples7.html (2011). Accessed 04 March 2011
Carmines, E.G., Zeller, R.A.: Reliability and Validity Assessment. Sage, Newbury Park, CA (1979)
Carte, T.A., Russell, C.J.: In pursuit of moderation: nine common errors and their solutions. MIS Q. 27(3), 479–501 (2003)
Caza, A.J.: Three papers on managerial discretion. Business administration and psychology. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (2007)
Caza, A.J.: Testing alternate predictions for the performance consequences of middle managers’ discretion. Hum. Resour. Manag. 50(1), 9–28 (2011)
Chang, E.C., Wong, S.M.L.: Managerial discretion and firm performance in China’s listed firms. Working Paper 1036, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (2003)
Chen, H.: Tantao jingli zizhuquan dui shangshi gongsi jixiao de yinxiang [Examining the Influence of Managerial Discretion on the Performance of Listed Companies]. Zhejiang daxue [Zhejiang University], Hangzhou, China (2006)
Cheng, H., Hsiao, C., Nugent, J.B., Qiu, J.: Managerial autonomy, contractual incentives and productivity in a transition economy. Pac. Econ. Rev. 11(3), 341–361 (2006)
Chin, W.W.: Partial least squares is to LISREL as principal components analysis is to common factor analysis. Tech. Stud. 2(2), 315–319 (1995)
Chin, W.W.: The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In: Marcoulides, G.A. (ed.) Modern Methods for Business Research, pp. 295–336. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ (1998)
Chin, W.W: Frequently asked questions—partial least squares and PLS-graph. http://disc-nt.cba.uh.edu/chin/plsfaq.htm (2000). Accessed 21 September 2009
Chin, W.W.: PLS-Graph User’s Guide—Version 3.0. C.T. Bauer College of Business, University of Houston, Houston, TX (2001)
Chin, W.W.: Partial least squares: an overview and presentation of recent advances using the PLS approach. http://www.bauer.uh.edu/plsgraph/plstalk.pdf (2002). Accessed 16 Oct 2008
Chin, W.W.: How to write up and report PLS analyses. In: Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (eds.) Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications in Marketing and Related Fields, pp. 655–690. Springer, Berlin, Germany (2010)
Chin, W.W., Newsted, P.R.: Structural equation modeling analysis with small samples using partial least squares. In: Hoyle, R.H. (ed.) Statistical Strategies for Small Sample Research, pp. 307–341. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA (1999)
Chin, W.W., Marcolin, B.L., Newsted, P.R.: A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Inf. Syst. Res. 14(2), 189–217 (2003)
Chow, G.C.: Tests of equality between sets of coefficients in two linear regressions. Econometrica 28(3), 591–605 (1960)
Churchill, G.A.: A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. J. Mark. Res. 15(2), 77–94 (1979)
Churchill, G.A.: Marketing Research: Methodological Foundations, 4th edn. Dryden, Chicago, IL (1987)
Cohen, J.: Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ (1988)
Colombo, M.G., Delmastro, M.: Delegation of authority in business organizations: an empirical test. J. Ind. Econ. 52(1), 53–80 (2004)
Coltman, T., Devinney, T.M., Midgley, D.F., Venaik, S.: Formative versus reflective measurement models: two applications of formative measurement. J. Bus. Res. 61(12), 1250–1262 (2008)
Cook, T., Campbell, D.: Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Studies. Houghlin Mifflin Company, Boston, MA (1979)
Corcoran, M.: Mobility, persistence, and the consequences of poverty for children: child and adult outcomes. In: Danziger, S., Haveman, R.H. (eds.) Understanding Poverty, pp. 127–161. Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY (2001)
Cortina, J.M., Chen, G., Dunlap, W.P.: Testing interaction effects in LISREL: examination and illustration of available procedures. Organ. Res. Methods 4(4), 324–360 (2001)
Crocker, L., Algina, J.: Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Orlando, FL (1986)
Cronbach, L.J.: Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 16(3), 297–334 (1951)
Cronbach, L.J.: The two disciplines of scientific psychology. Am. Psychol. 12, 671–684 (1957)
Cronbach, L.J.: Designing Evaluations of Educational and Social Programs. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA (1982)
Cronbach, L.J., Meehl, P.E.: Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychol. Bull. 52, 281–302 (1955)
Damewood, C.L: What Does a Plant Manager Do? http://www.wisegeek.com/what-does-a-plant-manager-do.htm (2010). Accessed 14 Aug 2010
Daniels, P.: Research and development, human capital and trade performance in technology-intensive manufactures: a cross-country analysis. Res. Pol. 22(3), 207–241 (1993)
Davis, J.A.: The Logic of Causal Order. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA (1985)
Davis, J.H., Schoorman, F.D., Donaldson, L.: Toward a stewardship theory of management. Acad. Manag. Rev. 22(3), 20–47 (1997b)
Diamantopoulos, A.: Export performance measurement: reflective versus formative indicators. Int. Mark. Rev. 16(6), 444–457 (1999)
Diamantopoulos, A., Schlegelmilch, B.B.: Taking the Fear Out of Data Analysis: A Step-By-Step Approach. Thomson Learning, London, UK (2006)
Diamantopoulos, A., Siguaw, J.A.: Formative versus reflective indicators in organizational measure development: a comparison and empirical illustration. Br. J. Manag. 17, 263–282 (2006)
Diamantopoulos, A., Winklhofer, H.M.: Index construction with formative indicators: an alternative to scale development. J. Mark. Res. 38(2), 269–277 (2001)
Dibbern, J., Chin, W.W.: Multi-group comparison: testing a PLS model on the sourcing of application software services across Germany and the U.S.A. using a permutation based algorithm. In: Bliemel, F., Eggert, A., Fassott, G., Henseler, J. (eds.) Handbuch PLS-Pfadmodellierung: Methode, Anwendung, Praxisbeispiele. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany (2005)
Dillman, D.A.: Mail and Telephone Surveys: The Total Design Method, Illustratedth edn. Wiley, New York, NY (1978)
Donsbach, W., Traugott, M.W.: The Sage Handbook of Public Opinion Research. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA (2008)
Duarte, P.A.O., Raposo, M.L.B.: A PLS model to study brand preference: an application to the mobile phone market. In: Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (eds.) Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications in Marketing and Related Fields, pp. 449–486. Springer, Berlin, Germany (2010)
Eckey, H.-F., Kosfeld, R., Dreger, C.: Ökonometrie: Grundlagen, Methoden, Beispiele, 3rd edn. Gabler, Wiesbaden, Germany (2004)
Efron, B., Gong, G.: A leisurely look at the bootstrap, the jackknife, and cross-validation. Am. Stat. 37(1), 36–48 (1983)
Efron, B., Tibshirani, R.J.: An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman & Hall, New York, NY (1993)
Eggert, A., Fassott, G.: Zur Verwendung formativer und reflektiver Indikatoren in Strukturgleichungsmodellen: Ergebnisse einer Metaanalyse und Anwendungsempfehlungen. Kaiserslauterer Schriftenreihe Marketing Nr. 20, Kaiserslautern, Germany (2003)
Eggert, A., Fassott, G., Helm, S.: Identifizierung und Quantifizierung mediierender und moderierender Effekte in komplexen Kausalstrukturen. In: Bliemel, F., Eggert, A., Fassott, G., Henseler, J. (eds.) Handbuch PLS-Pfadmodellierung: Methode, Anwendung, Praxisbeispiele. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany (2005)
Elegant, S.: China’s perfect storm. Time Magazine, 31 Jan 2008
Embassy of the United States: smes2002. http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/econ/smes2002.html (2002). Accessed 11 Nov 2010
Esposito Vinzi, V., Lauro, C., Tenenhaus, M.: PLS path modeling. Working paper, DMS, University of Naples, Naples, Italy (2003)
Esposito Vinzi, V., Amato, S., Trinchera, L.: PLS path modeling: from foundations to recent developments and open issues for model assessment and improvement. In: Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (eds.) Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications in Marketing and Related Fields, pp. 47–82. Springer, Berlin, Germany (2010)
Evans, D.S.: Tests of alternative theories of firm growth. J. Polit. Econ. 95(4), 657–674 (1987)
Falk, R.F., Miller, N.B.: A Primer for Soft Modeling. University of Akron Press, Akron, OH (1992)
Fassott, G.: Die PLS-Pfadmodellierung: Entwicklungsrichtungen, Möglichkeiten, Grenzen. In: Bliemel, F., Eggert, A., Fassott, G., Henseler, J. (eds.) Handbuch PLS-Pfadmodellierung: Methode, Anwendung, Praxisbeispiele. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany (2005)
Fassott, G., Eggert, A.: Zur Verwendung formativer und reflektiver Indikatoren in Strukturgleichungsmodellen: Bestandsaufnahme und Anwendungsempfehlungen. In: Bliemel, F., Eggert, A., Fassott, G., Henseler, J. (eds.) Handbuch PLS-Pfadmodellierung: Methode, Anwendung, Praxisbeispiele. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany (2005)
Finkelstein, S., Boyd, B.K.: How much does the CEO matter? The role of managerial discretion in the setting of CEO compensation. Acad. Manage. J. 41(2), 179–199 (1998)
Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D.C.: Top-management-team tenure and organizational outcomes: the moderating role of managerial discretion. Adm. Sci. Q. 35, 484–503 (1990)
Fogiel, M.: Statistics. Research & Education Association, Piscataway, NJ (2000)
Fornell, C.: A second generation of multivariate analysis: classification of methods and implications for marketing research. In: Houston, M.J. (ed.) Review of Marketing 1987. American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL (1987)
Fornell, C., Bookstein, F.L.: A comparative analysis of two structural equation models: LISREL and PLS applied to market data. In: Fornell, C. (ed.) A Second Generation of Multivariate Analysis, pp. 289–323. Praeger, New York, NY (1982a)
Fornell, C., Bookstein, F.L.: Two structural equation models: LISREL and PLS applied to consumer exit-voice theory. J. Mark. Res. 19(4), 440–452 (1982b)
Fornell, C., Cha, J.: Partial least squares. In: Bagozzi, R.P. (ed.) Advanced Methods of Marketing Research, pp. 52–78. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA (1994)
Fornell, C., Larcker, D.F.: Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J. Mark. Res. 18, 39–50 (1981)
Fornell, C., Lorange, P., Roos, J.: The cooperative venture formation process: a latent variable structural modeling approach. Manag. Sci. 36(10), 1246–1255 (1990)
Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung: Die Krise trifft Asien hart. Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung. (02 Nov 2008)
Fritz, W.: Marketing-Management und Unternehmenserfolg, 2nd edn. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany (1995)
Fu, J.-R.: VisualPLS—Partial Least Square (PLS) Regression—An Enhanced GUI for Lvpls (PLS 1.8 PC) Version 1.04. National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Taiwan, ROC (2006)
Galavan, R.: Exploring the belief systems of senior managers: antecedents of managerial discretion. Unpublished Thesis for Doctor of Philosophy, School of Management, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK (2005)
Gallese, E., Prugent, N.M.L.: PLS Path Modeling en la alta complejidad y escasa información del tercer milenio [PLS Path Modeling in the High Complexity and Low Information of the Third Millenium]. Investigaciones en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística [Investigations in the Faculty of Economic Sciences and Statistics]. Universidad de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina (2007)
Gammelgaard, J., McDonald, F., Stephan, A., Tüselmann, H., Dörrenbächer, C.: Performance Effects of Subsidiary Developments in Collaboration, and Decision Making Power (CIBEM Working Paper). Department of International Economics and Management, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark (2010)
Gaosheng jituan quanqiu touzi yanjiu [Goldman Sachs Group Global Investment Research]: Zhongguo: yinhang—yuji duanqi nei qujian bodong; kanhao ju fangyuxing he guxi jiaogao de guopiao [China: Banks—See Near-Term Range Trade; Prefer Defensive, Higher-Dividend Names] (2008)
Garson, G.: Guide to Writing Empirical Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY (2002)
Geisser, S.: The predictive sample reuse method with applications. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 70(350), 320–328 (1975)
Glaister, K.W., Husan, R., Buckley, P.J.: Decision-making autonomy in UK international equity joint ventures. Br. J. Manag. 14(4), 305–322 (2003)
Gliner, J.A., Morgan, G.A.: Research Methods in Applied Settings: An Integrated Approach to Design and Analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ (2000)
Götz, O., Liehr-Gobbers, K.: Analyse von Strukturgleichungsmodellen mit Hilfe der Partial-Least-Squares-(PLS-)Methode. Die Betriebswirtschaft 64(6), 714–738 (2004)
Granger, C.W.J.: Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica 37(3), 424–438 (1969)
Grant, A: What executives are asking about China: from entry to execution. The McKinsey Quarterly, 2006 Special Edition: Serving the New Chinese Consumer (2006)
Grant, K.S., Rice, D.C.: Exposure to environmental chemicals and developmental risk: contributions from studies with monkeys. In: Burbacher, T., Grant, K.S., Sackett, G.P. (eds.) Primate Models of Children’s Health and Developmental Disabilities, pp. 377–420. Elsevier, New York, NY (2007)
Greene, W.H.: Econometric Analysis, 5th edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (2003)
Griliches, Z., Mairesse, J.: R&D and productivity growth: comparing Japan and US manufacturing firms. In: Hulten, C. (ed.) Productivity Growth in Japan and the United States. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL (1990)
Grillet, M: Internationalization towards China after its accession to the WTO: are there opportunities for European SMEs? Unpublished Thesis for Licentiaat in de Sinologie, Departement Oosterse & Slavische Studies, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (2003)
Groves, R.M.: Theories and methods of telephone surveys. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 16(1), 221–240 (1990)
Groves, R.M., Lyberg, L.E.: An overview of nonresponse issues in telephone surveys. In: Groves, R.M., Biemer, P.P., Lyberg, L.E., Massey, J.T., Nicholls II, W.L., Waksberg, J. (eds.) Telephone Survey Methodology, pp. 191–212. Wiley, New York, NY (2001)
Groves, R.M., Fowler, F.J., Couper, M.P., Lepkowski, J.M., Singer, E., Tourangeau, R.: Survey Methodology. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ (2009)
Guibert, B., Laganier, J., Volle, M.: An essay on industrial classifications. Économie et Statistique 20(February) (1971)
Gujarati, D.N.: Basic Econometrics, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2004)
Guojia tongji ju [National Bureau of Statistics]: Tongji shang da zhong xiao xing qiye huafen banfa [Standards of Enterprises by Size]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/t20061018_402369829.htm (2003). Accessed 06 Feb 2009
Guojia tongji ju [National Bureau of Statistics]: Zhongguo tongji nianjian 2007 [China Statistical Yearbook 2007] (2007)
Guojia tongji ju [National Bureau of Statistics]: 2007 nian guomin jingji pingwen kuaisu fazhan [Smooth and Rapid Development of the National Economy in 2007]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjfx/jdfx/t20080124_402460060.htm (2008). Accessed 08 March 2009
Guojia tongji ju [National Bureau of Statistics]: Zhongguo tongji nianjian 2009 [China Statistical Yearbook 2009] (2009)
Hahn, C.H.: Segmentspezifische Kundenzufriedenheitsanalyse: Neue Ansätze zur Segmentierung von Märkten. Deutscher Universitäts, Wiesbaden, Germany (2002)
Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Black, W.C.: Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th edn. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1998)
Hannan, M.T., Freeman, J.: The population ecology of organizations. Am. J. Sociol. 82, 929–964 (1977)
Hanssens, D.M., Parsons, L.J., Schultz, R.L.: Market Response Models: Econometric and Time Series Analysis. Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA (2003)
Hatzichronoglou, T.: Revision of the high-technology sector and product classification. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 1997/2, OECD Publishing (1997)
Hausman, J.A., Hall, B.H., Griliches, Z.: Econometric models for count data with an application to the patents-R&D relationship. National Bureau of Economic Research, Technical Working Paper No. 17 (1984)
Hellevik, O.: Introduction to Causal Analysis: Exploring Survey Data by Crosstabulation. Norwegian University Press, Oslo, Norway (1988)
Helm, S.: Entwicklung eines formativen Messmodells für das Konstrukt Unternehmensreputation. In: Bliemel, F., Eggert, A., Fassott, G., Henseler, J. (eds.) Handbuch PLS-Pfadmodellierung: Methode, Anwendung, Praxisbeispiele, pp. 241–254. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany (2005)
Henseler, J., Fassott, G.: Testing moderating effects in PLS path models: an illustration of available procedures. In: Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (eds.) Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications in Marketing and Related Fields, pp. 713–736. Springer, Berlin, Germany (2010)
Herrmann, A., Huber, F., Kressmann, F.: Varianz- und kovarianzbasierte Strukturgleichungsmodelle—ein Leitfaden zu deren Spezifikation, Schätzung und Beurteilung. Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung 58, 34–66 (2006)
Hexter, J. Better manufacturing in China: an interview with two of PLP’s top executives. The McKinsey Quarterly, 1–6 Oct 2006
Hinkel, K.: Erfolgsfaktoren von Frühphasenfinanzierungen durch Wagniskapitalgesellschaften. Gabler, Wiesbaden, Germany (2001)
Hoffbauer, A.: Chinas fette Jahre sind vorbei: Abschied von den zweistelligen Wachstumsraten. Handelsblatt http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/konjunktur/_b=2067792,_p=31,_t=ftprint,doc_page=0;printpage (20 Oct 2008). Accessed 09 March 2009
Holbrook, A.L., Green, M.C., Krosnick, J.A.: Telephone versus face-to-face interviewing of national probability samples with long questionnaires: comparisons of respondent satisficing and social desirability response bias. Publ. Opin. Q. 67(1), 79–125 (2003)
Homburg, C., Baumgartner, H.: Die Kausalanalyse als Instrument der Marketingforschung: Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Z. Betriebswirt. 65(10), 1091–1108 (1995b)
Homburg, C., Dobratz, A.: Iterative Modellselektion in der Kausalanalyse. In: Hildebrandt, L., Homburg, C. (eds.) Die Kausalanalyse: Instrument der empirischen betriebswirtschaftlichen Forschung, pp. 447–474. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany (1998)
Homburg, C., Giering, A.: Konzeptualisierung und Operationalisierung komplexer Konstrukte: Ein Leitfaden für die Marketingforschung. Marketing Zeitschrift für Forschung und Praxis 18(1), 5–24 (1996)
Hoover, W.E.: Making China your second home market: an interview with the CEO of Danfoss. McKinsey Quarterly 1, 85–93 (2006)
HRVillage: Plant manager job description. http://www.hrvillage.com/hrjobdesc/PlantManager.htm (2011). Accessed 04 March 2011
Hsieh, J.J.P.-A., Rai, A., Keil, M.: Understanding digital inequality: comparing continued use behavioral models of the socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged. M.I.S. Quarterly 32(1), 97–126 (2008)
Hu, L.-T., Olshfski, D.: Describing and measuring phenomena in public administration. In: Miller, G.J., Yang, K. (eds.) Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration, 2nd edn, pp. 205–212. CRC, Boca Raton, FL (2007)
Hulland, J.: Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: a review of four recent studies. Strateg. Manag. J. 20(2), 195–204 (1999)
International Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship in China. http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/econ/smes2002.html (2010). Accessed 11 Nov 2010
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies: China: snow disaster. Information bulletin, 1(CW-2008-000013-CHN) (2008)
Irwin, J.R., McClelland, G.H.: Misleading heuristics and moderated multiple regression models. J. Mark. Res. 38(1), 100–109 (2001)
Jaccard, J., Turrisi, R.: Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression, 2nd edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA (2003)
Jackman, R.W.: Politics and Social Equality: A Comparative Analysis. Wiley, New York, NY (1975)
James, L.R., Mulaik, S.A., Brett, J.M.: Causal Analysis: Assumptions, Models, and Data. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA (1982)
Jarvis, C.B., MacKenzie, S.B., Podsakoff, P.M.: A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. J. Consum. Res. 30, 199–218 (2003)
Jensen, M.C., Meckling, W.H.: Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. J. Financ. Econ. 3(4), 305–360 (1976)
Jingji guancha wang [The Economic Observer Online]: 2007 dashiji [Chronicle of Important Events in 2007]. http://www.eeo.com.cn/eobserve/eeo/jjgcb/2007/12/10/89046.html (2007). Accessed 08 March 2009
Johnson, G., Langley, A., Melin, L., Whittington, R.: Strategy as Practice: Research Directions and Resources. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY (2007)
Jöreskog, K.G.: A general method for analysis of covariance structures. Biometrika 57(2), 239–251 (1970)
Jöreskog, K.G.: Analysis of covariance structures. Scand. J. Stat. 8, 65–92 (1981)
Jöreskog, K.G., Sörbom, D.: Recent developments in structural equation modeling. J. Mark. Res. 19(4), 404–416 (1982)
Jöreskog, K.G., Sörbom, D.: LISREL 7: A guide to the Program and Applications. SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL (1988)
Jöreskog, K.G., Wold, H.: The ML and PLS techniques for modeling with latent variables: historical and comparative aspects. In: Jöreskog, K.G., Wold, H. (eds.) Systems Under Indirect Observation: Causality, Structure, Prediction, Vol. Part II, pp. 263–270. North Holland, Amsterdam, Netherlands (1982)
Joseph, C. Plant manager job description. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5541729_plant-manager-job-description.html (2011). Accessed 04 March 2011
Kaplan, D.: Structural Equation Modeling: Foundations and Extensions. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA (2000)
Kaufmann, L., Panhans, D., Poovan, B., Sobotka, B.: China Champions: How German Companies Can Successfully Integrate China Into Their Global Strategies. European Management Publications, Frankfurt a.M., Germany (2005)
Keil, M., Tan, B.C.Y., Wei, K.-K., Saarinen, T., Tuunainen, V., Wassenaar, A.: A cross-cultural study on escalation of commitment behavior in software projects. MIS Q. 24(2), 299–325 (2000)
Keuzenkamp, H.A.: Probability, Econometrics and Truth: The Methodology of Econometrics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2000)
Kleinbaum, D.G., Kupper, L.L., Muller, K.E., Nizam, A.: Applied Regression Analysis and Other multivariable Methods, 3rd edn. Duxbury, Pacific Grove, CA (1998)
Krafft, M.: An empirical investigation of the antecedents of sales force control systems. J. Mark. 63(3), 120–134 (1999)
Krafft, M., Haase, K., Siegel, A.: Statistisch-ökonometrische BWL-Forschung: Entwicklung, Status Quo und Perspektiven. In: Schwaiger, M., Harhoff, D. (eds.) Empirie und Betriebswirtschaft: Entwicklungen und Perspektiven (Vol, pp. 83–104. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany (2003)
Krafft, M., Götz, O., Liehr-Gobbers, K.: Die Validierung von Strukturgleichungsmodellen mit Hilfe des Partial-Least-Squares (PLS)-Ansatzes. In: Bliemel, F., Eggert, A., Fassott, G., Henseler, J. (eds.) Handbuch PLS-Pfadmodellierung: Methode, Anwendung, Praxisbeispiele. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany (2005)
Krzanowski, W.J.: Principles of Multivariate Analysis: A User’s Perspective. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (2003)
Kutner, M.H., Nachtsheim, C.J., Neter, J., Li, W.: Applied Linear Statistical Models, 5th edn. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Homewood, IL (2004)
Lavrakas, P.J.: Surveys by telephone. In: Donsbach, W., Traugott, M.W. (eds.) The Sage Handbook of Public Opinion Research, Illustratedth edn, pp. 249–261. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA (2008)
Li, Y.: PLS-GUI User Manual—A Graphic User Interface for LVPLS (PLS-PC 1.8)—Version 2.0.1 Beta. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (2005)
Li, Y., Zhao, X.: Guowai jingli zizhuquan yanjiu ji celiang [Research and measurement of managerial discretion abroad]. Waiguo jingji yu guanli [Foreign Economics & Management] 25(12) (2003)
Li, Y., Zhao, X.: Da gudong guquan, jingli zizhuquan yu gongsi jixiao [Ownership concentration, managerial discretion and company performance]. Zhongguo ruankexue [China Soft Science] 4, 86–92 (2004)
Lichtenstein, S., Newman, R.: Empirical scaling of common verbal phrases associated with numerical probabilities. Psychonomic Sci. 9(10), 563–564 (1967)
Lohmöller, J.-B.: PLS-PC: Latent variables path analysis with partial least squares—Version 1.8 for PCs under MS-DOS (1987)
Lohmöller, J.-B.: The PLS program system: latent variable path analysis with partial least squares estimation. Multivar. Behav. Res. 23, 125–127 (1988)
Lohmöller, J.-B.: Latent Variable Path Modeling with Partial Least Squares. Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1989)
Loschky, A.: Reviewing the nomenclature for high-technology trade—the sectoral approach. Paper presented at the 1st Meeting of the Working Party on International Trade in Goods and Trade in Services Statistics (WPTGS), OECD Headquarters, Paris, France, 22–24 Sept 2008
Macartney, J., Duncan, G.: China expected to overtake US within three decades. The Times http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/markets/china/article775117.ece (21 Dec 2005). Accessed 02 March 2009
MacCallum, R.C., Browne, M.W.: The use of causal indicators in covariance structure models: some practical issues. Psychol. Bull. 114(3), 533–541 (1993)
MacLeod, C., Wiseman, P. Economy rocks China factories. USA Today, 22 Oct 2008
Manski, C.F.: Measuring expectations. Econometrica 72(5), 1329–1376 (2004)
March, J.G., Simon, H.A.: Organizations. Wiley, New York, NY (1958)
Marin, D., Verdier, T.: Corporate Hierarchies and the Size of Nations: Theory and Evidence. Paris School of Economics Mimeo, Paris, France (2006)
McCarty, C.: Differences in response rates using most recent versus final dispositions in telephone surveys. Publ. Opin. Q. 67(3), 396–406 (2003)
McGregor, J.: One Billion Customers: Lessons from the Front Lines of Doing Business in China. Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London, UK (2005)
McKinsey & Company, London School of Economics, Stanford University: Management matters database on China (2008)
Miller, L.: China an emerging superpower? Stanford J. Int. Relat. 6(1) (2005)
Mirsky, J.: China’s rural nightmare. Standpoint Magazine, Jan 2009
Misangyi, V.F.: A test of alternative theories of managerial discretion. Unpublished Thesis for Doctor of Philosophy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (2002)
Moody, A.: Lion’s share. China Daily European Weekly (07 Jan 2011). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/usa/china/2011-01/07/content_11913291.htm Accessed 07 March 2011
Mosier, C.I.: A critical examination of the concepts of face validity. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 7(2), 191–205 (1947)
Motulsky, H.J.: The InStat guide to choosing and interpreting statistical tests. http://www.graphpad.com/Downloads/InStat3.pdf (2003)
National Bureau of Statistics: Division standard of large/medium/small sized enterprises. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticalstandards/nationalstandards/t20021016_38190.htm (16 Oct 1992). Accessed 06 Feb 2009
National Bureau of Statistics: International standards: International standard industrial classification of all economic activities (ISIC Rev. 3.1). http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticalstandards/internationalstandards/ (18 Nov 2002). Accessed 06 Feb 2009
Netzzeitung.de.: 26 Millionen Wanderarbeiter in China ohne Job. Netzzeitung.de. http://www.netzeitung.de/politik/ausland/1265258.html (02 Feb 2009). Accessed 09 March 2009
Northrop, A., Arsenault, S.: Sampling and data collection. In: Miller, G.J., Yang, K. (eds.) Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration, 2nd edn, pp. 213–240. CRC, Boca Raton, FL (2007)
Novick, M.R., Lewis, C.: Coefficient alpha and the reliability of composite measurements. Psychometrika 32(1), 1–13 (1967)
Nunnally, J.C.: Psychometric Theory, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1978)
OECD: Measuring globalisation: OECD handbook on economic globalisation indicators. OECD Publishing (2005)
Oh, H.: The relationship between Work environment factors and organizational knowledge creation Process. Unpublished Thesis for Doctor of Philosophy, The Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (2002)
Oliinik, V.: Decomposing Productivity Gains in China: A Look at Labor Market Dynamics and Productivity of Chinese Firms. Faculty of Business and Economics. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (2008)
Onkelinx, J., Sleuwaegen, L.E.: Internationalization strategy and performance of small and medium sized enterprises. National Bank of Belgium Working Paper No. 197 (2010)
Pascha, W.: Japans Stellung in Ost- und Südostasien: Ist Japan für Deutschland noch ein attraktiver Markt und Wirtschaftspartner in der Region? In: Riesenhuber, H., Kreiner, J. (eds.) Japan ist offen: Chancen für deutsche Unternehmen, pp. 57–70. Springer, Berlin, Germany (1998)
Paterson, E., del Re, D., Wang, Z.: The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake: Risk Management Lessons and Implications. Risk Management Solutions and RMS China, Newark and Beijing (2008)
Pei, M.: How Beijing can boost its human capital. Financial Times, 09 Jan 2009
Perrone, V., Zaheer, A., McEvily, B.: Free to be Trusted? Organizational constraints on trust in boundary spanners. Organ. Sci. 14(4), 422–439 (2003)
Ping, R.A.: What is the average variance extracted for a latent variable interaction (or Quadratic)? http://www.wright.edu/~robert.ping/ave1.doc (2005). Accessed 16 July 2009
Poncet, S., Steingress, W., Vandenbussche, H.: Financial constraints in China: firm-level evidence. CORE Discussion Paper, 2008/79 (2008)
Qureshi, I., Compeau, D.: Assessing between-group differences in information systems research: a comparison of covariance- and component-based SEM. MIS Q. 33(1), 197–214 (2009)
Reinartz, W., Krafft, M., Hoyer, W.D.: The customer relationship management process: its measurement and impact on performance. J. Mark. Res. 41(3), 293–305 (2004)
Rigdon, E.E., Schumacker, R.E., Wothke, W.: A comparative review of interaction and nonlinear modeling. In: Schumacker, R.E., Marcoulides, G.A. (eds.) Interaction and Nonlinear Effects in Structural Equation Modeling, pp. 1–16. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ (1998)
Ringle, C.M.: smartpls.de: redundancy calculation seems to be incorrect. http://www.smartpls.de/forum/viewtopic.php?t=944&highlight=stone+geisser (2009). Accessed 09 June 2009
Ringle, C.M., Wende, S., Will, A.: SmartPLS (Version 2.0 (M3) Beta). University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (2005)
Ringle, C.M., Wende, S., Will, A.: Finite mixture partial least squares analysis: methodology and numerical examples. In: Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (eds.) Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications in Marketing and Related Fields, pp. 195–218. Springer, Berlin, Germany (2010)
Rodgers, W., Pavlou, P.: Developing a predictive model: a comparative study of the partial least squares vs. maximum likelihood techniques. Working Paper, Graduate School of Management, University of California, Riverside, CA, 2003
Rosenbaum, J.E.: Organization career systems and employee misperceptions. In: Arthur, M.B., Hall, D.T., Lawrence, B.S. (eds.) Handbook of Career Theory, pp. 329–353. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1989)
Rossiter, J.R.: The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. Int. J. Res. Mark. 19(4), 305–335 (2002)
Ruiz, D.M., Gremler, D.D., Washburn, J.H., Cepeda Carrión, G.: Reframing customer value in a service-based paradigm: an evaluation of a formative measure in a multi-industry, cross-cultural context. In: Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (eds.) Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications in Marketing and Related Fields, pp. 535–566. Springer, Berlin, Germany (2010)
Sachs, G.: Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050, Global Economics Paper No. 99. Goldman Sachs, New York, NY (2003)
Sachs, G.: How Solid Are the BRICs? Global Economics Paper No. 134. Goldman Sachs, New York, NY (2005)
Sambamurthy, V., Chin, W.W.: The effects of group attitudes toward alternative GDSS designs on the decision-making performance of computer-supported groups. Decis. Sci. 25(2), 215–241 (1994)
Sánchez, G.: PLS Historical Review. Department of Statistics and Operations Research. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain (2008)
Sánchez, G.: Partial Least Squares Frequently Asked Questions. Department of Statistics and Operations Research. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain (2009)
Sarkar, M.B., Echambadi, R., Agarwal, R., Sen, B.: The effect of the innovative environment on exit of entrepreneurial firms. Strateg. Manag. J. 27(6), 519–539 (2006)
Satorra, A., Bentler, P.M.: A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika 66(4), 507–514 (2001)
Schepers, J., Wetzels, M., de Ruyter, K.: Leadership styles in technology acceptance: do followers practice what leaders preach? Manag. Serv. Qual. 15(6), 496–508 (2005)
Schofield, W.: Survey sampling. In: Sapsford, R., Jupp, V. (eds.) Data Collection and Analysis, 2nd edn, pp. 26–56. Sage, London, UK (2006)
Scholderer, J., Balderjahn, I.: PLS versus LISREL: Ein Methodenvergleich. In: Bliemel, F., Eggert, A., Fassott, G., Henseler, J. (eds.) Handbuch PLS-Pfadmodellierung: Methode, Anwendung, Praxisbeispiele. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany (2005)
Schwester, R.W.: Collecting survey data via telephone: a primer. In: Miller, G.J., Yang, K. (eds.) Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration, 2nd edn, pp. 269–277. CRC, Boca Raton, FL (2007)
Seltin, N., Keeves, J.P.: Path analysis with latent variables. In: Husén, T., Postlethwaite, T.N. (eds.) The International Encyclopedia of Education, 2nd edn, pp. 4352–4359. Pergamon, Oxford, UK (1994)
Sha, S.: An investigation into problems facing small-to-medium sized enterprises in achieving growth in the Eastern Cape: enhancing the Strategy FOR developing small ‘growth potential’ firms in the Eastern Cape. Unpublished Thesis for Master of Commerce (Management), Department of Management, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa (2006)
Shao, J.: Mathematical Statistics. Springer, New York, NY (2003)
Shaughnessy, J.J., Zechmeister, E.B., Zechmeister, J.S.: Research Methods in Psychology. McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA (2005)
Simon, H.A.: Spurious correlation: a causal interpretation. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 49, 467–479 (1954)
Singh, J.V., Lumsden, C.J.: Theory and research in organizational ecology. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 16, 161–195 (1990)
Spad, C.: SPAD Version 7. Coheris Spad, Suresnes, France (2007)
Spearman, C.: ‘General intelligence’, objectively determined and measured. Am. J. Psychol. 15, 201–293 (1904)
Stone, M.: Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions. J. R. Stat. Soc. 36(2), 111–147 (1974)
Stuart, A.: The Ideas of Sampling. Macmillan, New York, NY (1984)
Subacchi, P.: China and India in the changing global economic order. Paper presented at the UNU-Wider Meeting ‘Southern Engines of Global Growth: China, India, Brazil and South Africa’, Beijing, China, 12–13 Jan 2007
Tabachnick, B.G., Fidell, L.S.: Using Multivariate Statistics. Harper Collins, New York, NY (1996)
Tan Xin.: Gongchang jingli [Plant Managers]. http://www.tanxin.net/info/view.php?info_id=2581 (2011). Accessed 04 March 2011
Taube, M.: Spillover-effects, crowding-in and the contributions of FDI to growth in China: a review of the literature. Duisburg Working Papers on East Asian Studies, 74, Institute for East Asian Studies, Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany (2005)
Taube, M.: Chinas rasante ökonomische Entwicklung: Grundlagen, Triebkräfte und Perspektiven des wirtschaftlichen Aufstiegs. Der Bürger im Staat 3(4), 186–194 (2008)
Taube, M., Ögütçü, M.: Main issues on foreign investment in China’s regional development: prospects and policy challenges. In: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (ed.) Foreign Direct Investment in China: Challenges and Prospects for Regional Development, pp. 17–52. OECD, Paris, France (2002)
Temme, D., Kreis, H.: Der PLS-Ansatz zur Schätzung von Strukturgleichungsmodellen mit latenten Variablen: Ein Softwareüberblick. In: Bliemel, F., Eggert, A., Fassott, G., Henseler, J. (eds.) Handbuch PLS-Pfadmodellierung: Methode, Anwendung, Praxisbeispiele. Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany (2005)
Temme, D., Kreis, H., Hildebrandt, L.: PLS Path Modeling—A Software Review. Economic Risk, SFB 649. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany (2006)
Tenenhaus, M., Amato, S., Esposito Vinzi, V.: A global goodness-of-fit index for PLS structural equation modelling. Paper presented at the XLII SIS Scientific Meeting, CLEUP, Padova, Italy, 2004
Tenenhaus, M., Esposito Vinzi, V., Chatelin, Y.-M., Lauro, C.: PLS path modeling. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 48(1), 159–205 (2005)
The American Association for Public Opinion Research: Standard Definitions: Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys, 5th edn. AAPOR, Lenexa, KS (2008)
Tian, X.: China’s open door policy in development perspective. Can. J. Develop. Stud. 17(1), 75–96 (1996)
Tian, X.: Managing International Business in China. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY (2007)
United Nations: A System of Integrated Agricultural Censuses and Surveys: World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2010. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (2007)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: Foreign direct investment statistics. http://stats.unctad.org/FDI/TableViewer/tableView.aspx (2008). Accessed 02 March 2009
United Nations Population Division: World population prospects. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/dnltransfer.asp?fID=24 (2006). Accessed 02 March 2009
United Nations Statistics Division: National accounts main aggregates database. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/dnltransfer.asp?fID=2 (2008). Accessed 02 March 2009
van Oppen, C., Odekerken-Schröder, G., Wetzels, M.: Experiential value: a hierarchical model, the impact on E-Loyalty and a customer typology. Working Paper, Department of Marketing, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (2005)
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M.G.: Why don’t men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior. MIS Q. 24(1), 115–139 (2000)
Venkatraman, N.: The concept of fit in strategy research: toward verbal and statistical correspondence. Acad. Manag. Rev. 14(3), 423–444 (1989)
Wagner, J.: The causal effects of exports on firm size and labor productivity: first evidence from a matching approach. Econ. Lett. 77(2), 287–292 (2002)
Wald, M., Carlsmith, J.M., Leiderman, P.H.: Protecting Abused and Neglected Children. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA (1988)
Wallsten, T., Budescu, D., Rapoport, A.R.Z., Forsyth, B.: Measuring the vague meanings of probability terms. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 1150, 348–365 (1986)
Werts, C.E., Linn, R.L., Jöreskog, K.G.: Intraclass reliability estimates: testing structural assumptions. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 34(1), 25–33 (1974)
Whyte, A.: Assessing Community Telecentres: Guidelines for Researchers. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada (2000)
Williamson, O.E.: Managerial discretion and business behavior. Am. Econ. Rev. 53, 1032–1057 (1963)
Wold, H.: Soft modeling: the basic design and some extensions. In: Jöreskog, K.G., Wold, H. (eds.) Systems Under Indirect Observation: Causality, Structure, Prediction, Vol Part II, pp. 1–54. North Holland, Amsterdam, Netherlands (1982)
Wooldridge, J.M.: Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach, 2nd edn. South-Western College Publishing, Mason, OH (2002)
Xinhua: China remains a developing country despite fast GDP growth: FM. Xinhua http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-02/15/c_13733360.htm (15 Feb 2011). Accessed 08 March 2011
Xu, L.C., Zhu, T., Lin, Y.: Politician control, agency problems and ownership reform: evidence from China. Econ. Transit. 13(1), 1–24 (2005)
Yu, C.H., Behrens, J.T.: Identification of misconceptions in the central limit theorem and related concepts and evaluation of computer media as a remedial tool. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA, 19 April 1995
Zhang, C., Li, H.: Gongsi zhili zhong de jingli zizhuquan yanjiu zongshu [The Review of Managerial Discretion in Corporate Governance]. Zhongguo ruankexue [China Soft Science], 22(5), 33–38 (2008a)
Zhang, C., Xie, J.: Empirical study on effect of managerial discretion on ceo pay-performance sensitivity. Paper presented at the 2008 International Conference on Risk Management and Engineering Management, Beijing, China, 04–06 Nov 2008
Zhang, C., Li, H., Zhao, X.: Qiye guimo, jingli zizhuquan yu R&D touru guanxi yanjiu: laizi Zhongguo shangshi gongsi de jingyan zhengju [Research on the relationship between firm scale, managerial discretion and R&D expenditure: empirical EVIDENCE from China’s listed companies]. Kexue xue yanjiu [Studies in Science of Science] 24(3), 432–438 (2006a)
Zhang, C., Zhao, X., Li, H.: Jiyu jingli zizhuquan de qiye R&D touru juece moxing ji shizheng yanjiu [Theoretical and empirical research on a decision model of enterprise R&D expenditure based on managerial discretion]. Guanli kexue [Management Sciences in China] 19(3), 8–13 (2006b)
Zhongguo fuzhuang rencai wang [China apparel talent net]: Zuixin gongchang jingli [Latest Plant Managers] http://www.efjob.cn/resume/util/p155195.html (2011). Accessed 04 March 2011
Zhongguo zhongyang dianshitai [China Central Television]: Tongjiju: 08 nian GDP zengsu shangtiao wei 9.6 % [Bureau of Statistics: GDP Growth Rate for 2008 Adjusted Upwards to 9.6 %]. http://news.cctv.com/china/20091225/102328.shtml (2009). Accessed 08 March 2011
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo zhongyang renmin zhengfu [The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China]: Gaige kaifang 30 nian woguo jingji shehui fazhan chengjiu [Achievements in the development of China’s economy and society 30 years AFTER the initiation of reforms and opening-up] http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-11/12/content_1146712.htm (2008a). Accessed 08 March 2009
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo zhongyang renmin zhengfu [The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China]: Wen Jiabao zai shiyi jie rendahui shang suo zuo zhengfu gongzuo baogao (quanwen) [Government work report presented by Wen Jiabao at the Eleventh National People’s Congress (Full Text)] http://www.gov.cn/2008lh/content_923918.htm (2008b). Accessed 08 March 2009
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo zhongyang renmin zhengfu [The central people’s government of the people’s republic of China]: Zhongyang jingji gongzuo huiyi zhaokai—Hu Jintao Wen Jiabao zuo zhongyao jianghua [The Central Economic Work Conference Has Been Held—Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao Delivered Important Speeches]. http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2008-12/10/content_1174127.htm (2008c). Accessed 08 March 2009
Zhu, K., Kraemer, K.L., Gurbaxani, V., Xu, S.X.: Migration to open-standard interorganizational systems: network effects, switching costs, and path dependency. M.I.S. Quarterly 30(2), 515–539 (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wülferth, H. (2013). Unit of Analysis. In: Managerial Discretion and Performance in China. Contributions to Management Science. Physica, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35837-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35837-1_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Physica, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-35836-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-35837-1
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsBusiness and Management (R0)