Skip to main content

Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Trigeminal Nerve Injuries

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Injury to the trigeminal nerve is a well-recognized risk associated with certain routine dental and oral surgical procedures. The assessment and management of a patient with a traumatic trigeminal neuropathy requires a logical stepwise approach.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Alkan A, İnal S, Yildirim M, Baş B, Ağar E (2007) The effects of hemostatic agents on peripheral nerve function: an experimental study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65(4):630–634

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Alling C, Schwartz E, Campbell R et al (1992) Algorithms for diagnostic assessment and surgical treatment of traumatic trigeminal neuropathies and neuralgias. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 4:555

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bagheri S, Meyer R, Khan H, Kuhmichel A, Steed M (2010) Retrospective review of microsurgical repair of 222 lingual nerve injuries. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 68:715–723

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bemerich A, Wiegel W, Thien T, Dietz T (1988) Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) in the therapy of chronic pain. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 16:379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Blackburn C, Bramley P (1985) Lingual nerve damage associated with the removal of lower third molars. Br Dent J 167:103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Bowers CA, Taussky P, Duhon BS, Chin SS, Couldwell WT (2011) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour of the trigeminal nerve: case report and literature review. (Translated from eng). Br J Neurosurg 25(6):750–753 (In Eng)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Campbell R (1992) The role of diagnostic nerve blocks in the diagnosis of truamatic trigeminal neuralgia. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 4:369

    Google Scholar 

  8. Chhabra A et al (2011) MR neurography: past, present, and future. (Translated from eng). AJR Am J Roentgenol 197(3):583–591 (In Eng)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chhabra A, Faridian-Aragh N (2012) High-resolution 3-T MR neurography of femoral neuropathy. (Translated from eng). AJR Am J Roentgenol 198(1):3–10 (In Eng)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Conrad S (2001) Neurosensory disturbance as a result of chemical injury to the inferior alveolar nerve. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 13:255–263

    Google Scholar 

  11. Dodson TB, Kaban LB (1997) Recommendations for management of trigeminal nerve defects based on a critical appraisal of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 55(12):1380–1386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Donoff RB (1995) Experimental topical tetracycline-induced neuritis in the rat. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 53(4):434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Donoff RB (1997) Recommendations for management of trigeminal nerve defects based on a critical appraisal of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 55(12):1387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Donoff RB, Colin W (1990) Neurologic complications of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2:453

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ellies LG (1999) The incidence of altered sensation of the mental nerve after mandibular implant placement. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 57(12):1410–1412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Eslami A, Van Swol RL, Sadeghi EM (1987) Connective tissue reactions to 3 % tetracycline ­ointment in rat skin. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 45(10):866–872

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Essick G (1992) Comprehensive clinical evaluation of perioral sensory function. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 4:503

    Google Scholar 

  18. Frerich B, Cornelius C-P, Wiethölter H (1994) Critical time of exposure of the rabbit inferior alveolar nerve to Carnoy’s solution. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 52(6):599–606

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Garisto G, Gaffen A, Lawrence H et al (2010) Occurrence of paresthesia after dental local anesthetic administration in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc 141:836

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ghali G, Epker B (1989) Clinical neurosensory testing: practical applications. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47:1074

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Girard K (1979) Considerations in the management of damage to the mandibular nerve. J Am Dent Assoc 98:65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gregg J (2001) Nonsurgical management of traumatic trigeminal neuralgias and sensory neuropathies. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 13:375

    Google Scholar 

  23. Gregg J (1990) Studies of traumatic neuralgias in the maxillofacial region: symptom complexes and response to microsurgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48:135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Haas D, Lennon D (1995) A 21-year retrospective study of reports of paresthesia following local anesthetic administration. J Can Dent Assoc 61:319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Harn S, Durham T (1990) Incidence of lingual nerve trauma and postinjection complications in conventional mandibular block anesthesia. J Am Dent Assoc 121:519

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hatano Y, Kurita K, Kuroiwa Y, Yuasa H, Ariji E (2009) Clinical evaluations of the coronectomy (intentional partial odontectomy) for mandibular third molars using dental computed tomography: a case–control study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 67:1806–1814

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. He L (1987) Involvement of endogenous opioid peptides in acupuncture analgesia. Pain 31:99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hillerup S, Jensen R, Ersboll B (2011) Trigeminal nerve injury associated with injection of local anesthetic: needle lesion or neurotoxicity. J Am Dent Assoc 142:531–539

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Jabaley M (1981) Current concepts in nerve repair. Clin Plast Surg 8:33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kermarrec E et al (2010) Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging of the peripheral nerves: current techniques, promising directions, and open issues. (Translated from eng). Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 14(5):463–472 (In Eng)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kipp D, Goldstein B, Weiss W (1980) Dysesthesia after mandibular third molar surgery: a retrospective study and analysis of 1,377 surgical procedures. J Am Dent Assoc 100(2):185–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Krafft T, Hickel R (1994) Clinical investigation into the incidence of direct damage to the lingual nerve caused by local anesthesia. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 22:294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kraut R, Chahal O (2002) Management of patients with trigeminal nerve injuries after mandibular implant placement. J Am Dent Assoc 133(10):1351–1354

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. LaBanc J, Gregg J (1992) Basic problems, historical perspectives, early successes and remaining challenges. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 4:277

    Google Scholar 

  35. Leist J, Zuniga J (1995) Experimental topical tetracycline-induced neuritis in the rat. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 53:432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Loescher A, Robinson P (1998) The effect of surgical medicaments on peripheral nerve function. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 36:330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Loescher AR (2005) The effect of injury and protocols for management. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63(8):10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Louis P (2001) Inferior alveolar nerve transposition for endosseous implant placement. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 13:265

    Google Scholar 

  39. Mackinnon S, Dellon A (1988) Surgery of the peripheral nerve. Thieme Medical Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  40. Martinoli C (2010) Imaging of the peripheral nerves. (Translated from eng). Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 14(5):461–462 (In Eng)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Meyer R (1992) Applications of microneurosurgery to the repair of trigeminal nerve injuries. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 4:405

    Google Scholar 

  42. Meyer R, Rath E (2001) Sensory rehabilitation after trigeminal nerve injury or repair. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 13:365

    Google Scholar 

  43. Meyer R, Ruggiero S (2001) Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of peripheral trigeminal nerve injuries. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 13:383

    Google Scholar 

  44. Miloro M (2001) Radiologic assessment of the trigeminal nerve. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 13:315–323

    Google Scholar 

  45. Moore J, Brekke J (1990) Foriegn body giant cell reaction related to placement of tetracycline-treated polylactic acid. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48:808

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Morani AC, Ramani NS, Wesolowski JR (2011) Skull base, orbits, temporal bone, and cranial nerves: anatomy on MR imaging. (Translated from eng). Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 19(3):439–456 (In Eng)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Morris C, Rasmussen J, Throckmorton G, Finn R (2010) The anatomic basis of lingual nerve trauma associated with inferior alveolar block injections. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 68:2833–2836

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Nagamatsu M, Podratz J, Windebank A (1997) Acidity is involved in the development of neuropathy caused by oxidized celluose. J Neurol Sci 146:97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. O’Shea K, Feinberg JH, Wolfe SW (2011) Imaging and electro diagnostic work-up of acute adult brachial plexus injuries. (Translated from eng). J Hand Surg Eur 36(9):747–759 (In Eng)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Pogrel M, Schmidt B (2001) Trigeminal nerve chemical neurotrauma from injectable materials. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 13:247

    Google Scholar 

  51. Pogrel M, Thamby S (2000) Permanent nerve involvement from inferior alveolar nerve blocks. J Am Dent Assoc 31:901

    Google Scholar 

  52. Pogrel MA, Jergensen R, Burgon E, Hulme D (2011) Long-term outcome of trigeminal nerve injuries related to dental treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 69(9):2284–2288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Rath E (2001) Peripheral neurotrauma-induced sensory neuropathy. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 13:223–235

    Google Scholar 

  54. Robinson P (1988) Observations on the recovery of sensation following inferior alveolar nerve injuries. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 26:117

    Google Scholar 

  55. Sunderland S (1978) Nerves and nerve injuries. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  56. Susarla S, Dodson TB (2007) Preoperative computed tomography imaging in the management of impacted mandibular third molars. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65:83–88

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Susarla S, Kaban L, Donoff R, Dodson T (2007) Functional sensory recovery after trigeminal nerve repair. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65:60–65

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Tagliafico A et al (2010) Traumatic neuropathies: spectrum of imaging findings and postoperative assessment. (Translated from eng). Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 14(5):512–522 (In Eng)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Tay A, Zuniga J (2007) Clinical characteristics of trigeminal nerve injury referrals to a university center. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 36:922

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Woertler K (2010) Tumors and tumor-like lesions of peripheral nerves. (Translated from eng). Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 14(5):547–558 (In Eng)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Zuniga J (1992) Normal response to nerve injury. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 4:323–337

    Google Scholar 

  62. Zuniga J (2007) Trigeminal nerve injury. Quintessence, Hanover Park

    Google Scholar 

  63. Zuniga J, Essick G (1992) A contemporary approach to the clinical evaluation of trigeminal nerve injuries. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 4:353

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Salvatore L. Ruggiero DMD, MD, FACS .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ruggiero, S.L., Proothi, M. (2013). Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Trigeminal Nerve Injuries. In: Miloro, M. (eds) Trigeminal Nerve Injuries. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35539-4_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35539-4_20

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-35538-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-35539-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics