Abstract
Tumors of the soft tissues and bones form a heterogeneous group that includes on one hand common benign neoplasms and, on the other less common, variably malignant neoplasms (sarcomas). Recent advances in molecular and cell biology have considerably influenced the present clinical approach to these tumors. As the classifications of these tumors and most notably soft tissue sarcomas constantly change and are refined by the addition of new data, the grading of soft tissue and bone sarcomas remains a work in progress [1, 2]. Accordingly we shall present only the most established grading systems used in daily surgical pathology practice.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Articles
Fletcher CD (2006) The evolving classification of soft tissue tumours: an update based on the new WHO classification. Histopathology 48:3–12
Deyrup AT, Weiss SW (2006) Grading of soft tissue sarcomas: the challenge of providing precise information in an imprecise world. Histopathology 48:42–50
Costa J, Wesley RA, Glatstein E, Rosenberg SA (1984) The grading of soft tissue sarcomas. Results of a clinicopathologic correlation in a series of 163 cases. Cancer 53:530–541
Trojani M, Contesso G, Coindre JM et al (1984) Soft-tissue sarcomas of adults; study of pathological prognostic variables and definition of a histopathological grading system. Int J Cancer 33:37–42
Coindre J-M (2006) Grading of soft tissue sarcoma. Review and update. Arch Pathol Lab Med 130:1448–1453
Golouh R, Bracko M (2001) What is the current practice in soft tissue sarcoma grading? Radiol Oncol 35:47–52
Coindre JM, Trojani M, Conteso G et al (1986) Reproducibility of a histopathologic grading system for adult soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer 58:306–309
Guillou L, Coindre J-M, Bonichon F et al (1997) Comparative study of the National Cancer Institute and French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group grading systems in a population of 410 adult patients with soft tissue sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 15:350–362
Oliveira AM, Nascimento AG (2001) Grading of soft tissue tumors: principles and problems. Skeletal Radiol 30:543–559
Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology (1998) Recommendations for the reporting of soft tissue sarcomas. Mod Pathol 11:1257–1261
Henricks WH, Chu YC, Goldblum JR, Weiss SW (1997) Dedifferentiated liposarcoma: a clinicopathological analysis of 155 cases with a proposal for an expanded definition of dedifferentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 21:271–281
Parham DM, Webber BL, Jenkins JJ 3rd et al (1995) Nonrhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcomas of childhood: formulation of a simplified system for grading. Mod Pathol 8:705–710
Wong W, Hirose T, Scheithauer BW, Schild SE, Gunderson LL (1998) Malignant peripheral sheath tumor: analysis of treatment outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 42:351–360
Gustafson P, Ảkerman M, Alvergard TA et al (2003) Prognostic information in soft tissue sarcoma using size, vascular invasion and microscopic tumour necrosis – the SIN system. Eur J Cancer 39:1568–1576
Hasegawa T, Yamamoto S, Yokoyama R et al (2002) Prognostic significance of grading and staging systems using MIB-1 score in adult patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities and trunk. Cancer 95:843–851
Tateishi U, Hasegava T, Beppu Y et al (2003) Prognostic significance of grading (MIB-1 system) in patients with myxoid liposarcoma. J Clin Pathol 56:579–582
Nielsen TO, West RB, Linn SC et al (2002) Molecular characterization of soft tissue tumours: a gene expression study. Lancet 239:1301–1307
Segal NH, Pavlidis P, Antonescu CR et al (2003) Classification and subtype prediction of adult soft tissue sarcoma by functional genomics. Am J Pathol 163:691–700
Antonescu CR (2006) The role of genetic testing in soft tissue sarcoma. Histopathology 48:13–21
Taylor BS, Barretina J, Maki RG et al (2011) Advances in sarcoma genomics and new therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cancer 11:541–557
Mills AM, Beck AH, Montgomery KD et al (2011) Expression of subtype-specific group 1 leiomyosarcoma markers in a wide variety of sarcomas by gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry. Am J Surg Pathol 35:583–589
Mariani L, Miceli R, Kattan MW et al (2005) Validation and adaptation of a nomogram for Âpredicting the survival of patients with extremity soft tissue sarcoma using a three-grade system. Cancer 103:402–408
Hogendoorn PC, Collin F, Daugaard S, Pathology and Biology Subcommittee of the EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group et al (2004) Changing concepts in the pathological basis of soft tissue and bone sarcoma treatment. Eur J Cancer 40:1644–1654
Inwards CY, Unni KK (1995) Classification and grading of bone sarcomas. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 9:545–569
Evans HL, Ayala AG, Romsdahl MM (1977) Prognostic factors in chondrosarcoma of bone. A clinicopathologic analysis with emphasis on histologic grading. Cancer 40:818–831
Welkerling H, Kratz S, Ewerbeck V, Delling G (2003) A reproducible and simple grading system for Âclassical chondrosarcomas. Analysis of 35 chondrosarcomas and 16 enchondromas with emphasis on recurrence rate and radiological and clinical data. Virchows Arch 443:725–733
Eefting D, Schrage YM, Geirnaerdt MJ et al (2009) Assessment of interobserver variability and histologic parameters to improve reliability in classification and grading of central cartilaginous tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 33:50–57
Meijer D, de Jong D, Pansuriya TC et al (2012) Genetic characterization of mesenchymal, clear cell, and dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 51:899–909
Borys D, Canter RJ, Hoch B, Martinez SR et al (2012) P16 expression predicts necrotic response among patients with osteosarcoma receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Hum Pathol 43:1948–1954
Bovée JV, Hogendoorn PC (2010) Molecular pathology of sarcomas: concepts and clinical implications. Virchows Arch 456:193–199
Szuhai K, Cleton-Jansen AM, Hogendoorn PC et al (2012) Molecular pathology and its diagnostic use in bone tumors. Cancer Genet 205:193–204
Carneiro A, Bendahl PO, Engellau J et al (2011) A prognostic model for soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities and trunk wall based on size, vascular invasion, necrosis, and growth pattern. Cancer 117:1279–1287
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gatalica, Z., Fetsch, J.F., Miettinen, M., Damjanov, I. (2013). Tumors of the Soft Tissue and Bone. In: Damjanov, I., Fan, F. (eds) Cancer Grading Manual. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34516-6_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34516-6_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-34515-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-34516-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)