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WIPO and the Public–Private Web of Global Intellectual Property Governance

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European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2013

Part of the book series: European Yearbook of International Economic Law ((volume 4))

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Abstract

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has always been recognized as important international economic institution for the global governance of intellectual property (IP) law. Moreover, its role in promoting, facilitating and supporting national, regional and local governance of IP law worldwide has long been uncontested. However, ever since the late 1980s, fundamental transformations in the IP landscape have challenged the established position of WIPO in global IP governance.

The author wishes to thank the Max Weber Programme of the European University Institute (EUI) and the Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law for their funding of this research and expresses her gratitude to Prof. Hans-W. Micklitz and Prof. Reto M. Hilty for their inspiration and encouragement. Of course, the author takes full responsibility for any mistakes or omissions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Sand, Polycontextuality as an Alternative to Constitutionalism, in: Joerges/Sand/Teubner (eds.), Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism, 2004, pp. 41, 44.

  2. 2.

    Burris/Kempa/Shearing, Changes in Governance: A Cross-Disciplinary Review of Current Scholarship, Akron Law Review 41 (2008) 1, p. 1 (2).

  3. 3.

    For a discussion of further challenges see Yu, TRIPS and Its Achilles’ Heel, Journal of Intellectual Property Law 18 (2011) 2, p. 479.

  4. 4.

    Marrakesh, Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299, 33 I.L.M. 1125, 1197.

  5. 5.

    Marrakesh, Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299, 33 I.L.M. 1125, 1197.

  6. 6.

    Cf. US Trade Act (Section 301), see Gervais, The TRIPS Agreement: Drafting History and Analysis, (3rd ed.) 2008, p. 154.

  7. 7.

    Marrakesh, Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299, 33 I.L.M. 1125, 1197.

  8. 8.

    Gervais, Intellectual Property and Human Rights: Learning to Live Together, in: Torremans (ed.), Intellectual Property and Human Rights, 2008, p. 15.

  9. 9.

    Taubman, TRIPS Jurisprudence in the Balance. Between the Realist Defense of Policy Space and a Shared Utilitarian Ethic, in: Lenk, et al. (eds), Ethics and Law of Intellectual Property, Current Problems in Politics, Science and Technology, 2007, pp. 90–93.

  10. 10.

    Gervais, TRIPS and Development, in: Gervais (ed.), Intellectual Property, Trade and Development. Strategies to Optimize Economic Development in a TRIPS-Plus Era, 2007, p. 21.

  11. 11.

    Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, adopted on 14 November 2001, WT/MIN(01)/DEC/W/2. See also Sell, The Quest for Global Governance in Intellectual Property and Public Health: Structural, Discursive, and Institutional Dimensions, Temple Law Review 77 (2004) 2, p. 363.

  12. 12.

    E.g. Stoeva, New Norms and Knowledge in World Politics: Protecting people, intellectual property and the environment, 2009, p. 12.

  13. 13.

    Drexl, Is there a ‘more economic approach’ to intellectual property and competition law?, in: Drexl (ed.), Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 2008, p. 3.

  14. 14.

    For early beginnings see Posner, Intellectual Property: The Law and Economics Approach, Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 (2005) 2, p. 57.

  15. 15.

    E.g. Elkin-Koren/Salzberger, The Law and Economics of Intellectual Property in the Digital Age, 2011.

  16. 16.

    E.g. Blair/Cottier, Intellectual Property. Economic and Legal Dimensions of Rights and Remedies, 2005, pp. 13–20.

  17. 17.

    Wechsler, Intellectual Property Law in the P.R. China: A Powerful Economic Tool for Innovation and Development, China-EU Law Journal 1 (2011) 1/2, p. 3.

  18. 18.

    Wechsler, Criminal Enforcement of Intellectual Property Law—An Economic Approach, in: Geiger (ed.), Criminal Enforcement of Intellectual Property: A Handbook of Contemporary Research, forthcoming in 2012, copy on file with author.

  19. 19.

    Oguamanam, Beyond Theories: Intellectual Property Dynamics in the Global Knowledge Economy, Wake Forest Intellectual Property Law Journal 9 (2009) 2, p. 104 (110).

  20. 20.

    Marrakesh, Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299, 33 I.L.M. 1125, 1197.

  21. 21.

    Helfer, Regime Shifting: The TRIPS Agreement and New Dynamics of International Intellectual Property Lawmaking, Yale Journal International Law 29 (2004) 1, p. 1 (2).

  22. 22.

    See http://www.oecd.org.

  23. 23.

    See http://www.who.int.

  24. 24.

    See http://www.unctad.org.

  25. 25.

    See http://www.cbd.int.

  26. 26.

    Helfer, Regime Shifting: The TRIPS Agreement and New Dynamics of International Intellectual Property Lawmaking, Yale Journal of International Law 29 (2004) 1, p. 1 (27).

  27. 27.

    Cf. Dutfield, Literature Survey on Intellectual Property Rights and Sustainable Human Development, 2003.

  28. 28.

    Chon, Global Intellectual Property Governance (Under Construction), Theoretical Inquiries in Law 12 (2011) 1, p. 349 (349–350).

  29. 29.

    Sell, TRIPS Was Never Enough: Vertical Forum Shifting, FTAs, ACTA, and TPP, Journal of Intellectual Property Law 18 (2011) 2, p. 447 (452–454).

  30. 30.

    For an overview on the European Partnership Agreements (EPA) by the European Union see http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations.

  31. 31.

    See Office of the United States Trade Representative, http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements and Trade Compliance Center, available at: http://tcc.export.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral_Investment_Treaties/index.asp.

  32. 32.

    E.g. the 1992 People’s Republic of China Intellectual Property Rights Memorandum of Understanding, the 1995 People’s Republic of China Intellectual Property Rights Memorandum of Understanding, the 1996 People’s Republic of China Implementation of the 1995 Intellectual Property Rights Agreement, available at: http://tcc.export.gov/Trade_Agreements/Intellectual_Property_Rights/index.asp.

  33. 33.

    See Opinion of European Academics on ACTA: http://www.iri.uni-hannover.de/acta-1668.html.

  34. 34.

    For more information see http://www.ustr.gov/tpp.

  35. 35.

    Sell, TRIPS Was Never Enough: Vertical Forum Shifting, FTAs, ACTA, and TPP, Journal of Intellectual Property Law 18 (2011) 2, p. 447 (452–454).

  36. 36.

    Data sources: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/other_treaties and http://docs.law.gwu.edu/burns/research/tools/IPTreatyFinder.pdf.

  37. 37.

    Chopra, et al., Ecosystems and Human Well-Being, Volume 3: Policy Responses, 2005, p. 42.

  38. 38.

    WIPO Doc. No. A/34/13 at 3 (August 1999), available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/development_iplaw/pub833.htm.

  39. 39.

    Available at: http://www.osim.ro/brevete/manuale.osim/manualompi/handbook/eng/03/e030001.pdf.

  40. 40.

    Dinwoodie, The International Intellectual Property System: Treaties, Norms, National Courts and Private Ordering, in: Gervais (ed.), Intellectual Property, Trade and Development. Strategies to Optimize Economic Development in a TRIPS-Plus Era, 2007, p. 80.

  41. 41.

    Shaffer/Pollack, Hard vs. Soft Law: Alternatives, Complements, and Antagonists in International Governance, Minnesota Law Review 94 (2010) 3, p. 706.

  42. 42.

    Dinwoodie, The International Intellectual Property System: Treaties, Norms, National Courts and Private Ordering, in: Gervais (ed.), Intellectual Property, Trade and Development. Strategies to Optimize Economic Development in a TRIPS-Plus Era, 2007, p. 83.

  43. 43.

    Brousseau/Bessy, Public and private institutions in the governance of intellectual property rights, in: Andersen (ed.), Intellectual Property Rights: Innovation, Governance and the Institutional Environment, 2006, p. 243.

  44. 44.

    Brousseau/Bessy, Public and private institutions in the governance of intellectual property rights, in: Andersen (ed.), Intellectual Property Rights: Innovation, Governance and the Institutional Environment, 2006, p. 247.

  45. 45.

    Dinwoodie, The International Intellectual Property System: Treaties, Norms, National Courts and Private Ordering, in: Gervais (ed.), Intellectual Property, Trade and Development. Strategies to Optimize Economic Development in a TRIPS-Plus Era, 2007, p. 65.

  46. 46.

    Armstrong, Digital Rights Management and the Process of Fair Use, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 20 (2006) 1, p. 49 (64); Digital Media Project, The Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School, iTunes: How Copyright, Contract, and Technology Shape the Business of Digital Media—A Case Study, 2004, p. 40–48.

  47. 47.

    See http://www.tono.no.

  48. 48.

    See http://www.kopinor.no.

  49. 49.

    Compare the German governmental supervisory system under the “Gesetz über die Wahrnehmung von Urheberrechten und verwandten Schutzrechten (Urheberrechtswahrnehmungsgesetz)” of 9 November 1965, BGBl. I, p. 1294, last revision on 26 October 2007, BGBl. I, pp. 2513, 2517.

  50. 50.

    See Cafaggi, Private Regulation, Supply Chain and Contractual Networks: The Case of Food Safety, EUI Working Paper RSCAS 10 (2010).

  51. 51.

    See also Yu, The Global Intellectual Property Order and Its Undetermined Future, The WIPO Journal 1 (2009) 1, p. 1 (2).

  52. 52.

    BIRPI is the acronym for the French term Bureaux Internationaux Réunis pour la Protection de la Propriété Intellectuelle.

  53. 53.

    21 U.S.T. 1581, 828 U.N.T.S. 305.

  54. 54.

    S. Treaty Doc. No. 99-27 (1986), 1161 U.N.T.S. 3.

  55. 55.

    14 July 1967, as amended 18 September 1979, 21 U.S.T. 1749, 828 U.N.T.S. 3.

  56. 56.

    Preamble, WIPO Convention, 21 U.S.T. 1749, 828 U.N.T.S. 3.

  57. 57.

    Available at: http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/agreement/index.html.

  58. 58.

    Art. 1 of the Agreement, available at: http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/agreement/index.html.

  59. 59.

    See coverage of their activities, available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en.

  60. 60.

    See the sections on “Strategic Realignment” and “WIPO’s IP Policy Direction.”

  61. 61.

    See WIPO, Inauguration of the New WIPO Building, 26 September, 2011, available at: http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2011/article_0023.html.

  62. 62.

    Available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/dgo.

  63. 63.

    See the section on “Strategic Realignment.”

  64. 64.

    Available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/management.html.

  65. 65.

    WIPO, A Users’ Guide, An Introduction to the Organization, 2011, see http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/freepublications/en/general/1040/wipo_pub_1040.pdf.

  66. 66.

    For an overview on WIPO observers see List of Observers, available at: http://www.wipo.int/members/en/organizations.jsp.

  67. 67.

    Available at: http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/ngoparticipation/voluntary_fund.

  68. 68.

    WIPO, 2010–2011 Budget, available at: http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/about-wipo/en/budget/pdf/budget_2010_2011.pdf.

  69. 69.

    WIPO, Results, Budget and Performance, available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/budget.

  70. 70.

    28 U.S.T. 7645, 1160 U.N.T.S. 231.

  71. 71.

    E.g. the Internal Audit and Oversight Division (IAOD) and the Financial Regulations and Rules, available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/pdf/wipo_financial_regulation.pdf.

  72. 72.

    14 July 1967, as amended 18 September 1979, 21 U.S.T. 1749, 828 U.N.T.S. 3.

  73. 73.

    14 July 1967, as amended 18 September 1979, 21 U.S.T. 1749, 828 U.N.T.S. 3.

  74. 74.

    Art. 6(2)(i), 14 July 1967, as amended 18 September 1979, 21 U.S.T. 1749, 828 U.N.T.S. 3.

  75. 75.

    14 July 1967, as amended 18 September 1979, 21 U.S.T. 1749, 828 U.N.T.S. 3.

  76. 76.

    Art. 7(3)(i), 14 July 1967, as amended 18 September 1979, 21 U.S.T. 1749, 828 U.N.T.S. 3.

  77. 77.

    39 I.L.M. 1047.

  78. 78.

    For more information see http://www.wipo.int/patent-law/en/harmonization.htm.

  79. 79.

    For more information see http://www.wipo.int/trademarks/en/sct.html.

  80. 80.

    For more information see http://www.wipo.int/copyright/en.

  81. 81.

    For more information see http://www.wipo.int/pct-wg/en/index.html.

  82. 82.

    E.g. Locarno (industrial designs), Nice (marks), Strasbourg (patents), Vienna (figurative elements of marks).

  83. 83.

    Of 22 December 1995, 35 I.L.M. 754.

  84. 84.

    Preamble, 35 I.L.M. 754.

  85. 85.

    Art. 2 and 4, 35 I.L.M. 754.

  86. 86.

    Art. 4, 35 I.L.M. 754.

  87. 87.

    See e.g. Legal and Technical Assistance to Developing Countries for Implementation of the TRIPS Agreement from January 1, 1996 to March 31, 1999, WO/GA/24/5, see http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=1009.

  88. 88.

    See WIPO-WTO Common Portal, available at: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/common_portal.html.

  89. 89.

    See http://www.wipo.int/globalchallenges/en/health/trilateral_cooperation.html for more information.

  90. 90.

    See also Salomon, Cooperation Between the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), St. John’s Journal of Legal Commentary 17 (2003) 3, p. 429 (430).

  91. 91.

    14 July 1967, as amended 18 September 1979, 21 U.S.T. 1749, 828 U.N.T.S. 3.

  92. 92.

    See Art. 4(i), 4(ii), 4(iii), 4(iv) of the WIPO Convention, 14 July 1967, as amended 18 September 1979, 21 U.S.T. 1749, 828 U.N.T.S. 3.

  93. 93.

    See Art. 4(v) of the WIPO Convention, 14 July 1967, as amended 18 September 1979, 21 U.S.T. 1749, 828 U.N.T.S. 3.

  94. 94.

    See Art. 4(vi), 4(vii), 4(viii) of the WIPO Convention, 14 July 1967, as amended 18 September 1979, 21 U.S.T. 1749, 828 U.N.T.S. 3.

  95. 95.

    WIPO, A Users’ Guide, An Introduction to the Organization, 2011, p. 19.

  96. 96.

    WIPO Development Agenda 2007, available at: http://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda.

  97. 97.

    WIPO, Proposal to Establish a Development Agenda for the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). An Elaboration of Issues Raised in Document WO/GA/31/11. Submission by the Group of Friends of Development, 2005 (Document IIM/1/4).

  98. 98.

    Sell, Everything old is new again: the development agenda now and then, The WIPO Journal 3 (2011) 1, p. 17 (19).

  99. 99.

    For a related discussion on the use of flexibilities in the People’s Republic of China see Wechsler, Intellectual Property Law in the P.R. China: A Powerful Economic Tool for Innovation and Development, China-EU Law Journal 1 (2011), p. 3.

  100. 100.

    WIPO Development Agenda 2007, available at: http://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda.

  101. 101.

    WIPO, Document CDIP/3INF/2.

  102. 102.

    See WIPO, Overview of the Development Agenda, http://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/overview.html.

  103. 103.

    Yu, A Tale of Two Development Agendas, Ohio Northern University Law Review 35 (2009) 2, p. 465 (471).

  104. 104.

    Yu, A Tale of Two Development Agendas, Ohio Northern University Law Review 35 (2009) 2, p. 465 (511).

  105. 105.

    Trainer, Intellectual Property Enforcement: A Reality Gap (Insufficient Assistance, Ineffective Implementation)?, Johhn Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law 8 (2008) 1, p. 47 (69).

  106. 106.

    Beer, Implementing the World Intellectual Property Organization’s Development Agenda, 2009, p. 3.

  107. 107.

    Chon, Global Intellectual Property Governance (Under Construction), Theoretical Inquiries in Law 12 (2011) 1, p. 349 (349–350).

  108. 108.

    See Oguamanam, Intellectual Property in Global Governance: A Development Question, 2011, p. 2.

  109. 109.

    WIPO Strategic Realignment Programme, Introduction, available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/strategic_realignment.

  110. 110.

    Further goals are “facilitating the use of IP for development, coordination and development of global IP infrastructure, world reference source for IP information and analysis, international cooperation on building respect for IP, addressing IP in relation to global policy issues, a responsive communications interface between WIPO, its Member States and other stakeholders, an efficient administrative and financial support structure to enable WIPO to deliver its programs,” cf. WIPO, A Users’ Guide, An Introduction to the Organization, 2011, p. 13.

  111. 111.

    WIPO Strategic Realignment Programme, Introduction, available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/strategic_realignment.

  112. 112.

    WIPO, A Users’ Guide, An Introduction to the Organization, 2011, p. 16.

  113. 113.

    WIPO, SRP Results Framework, available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/strategic_realignment/results_framework.html.

  114. 114.

    See already WIPO, Strategic Realignment Program Results Framework, Baseline Report, March 2011.

  115. 115.

    WIPO, Strategic Realignment Program Results Framework, Baseline Report, March 2011, p. 8.

  116. 116.

    For the progress made so far see WIPO, Measuring Success, available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/strategic_realignment/progress.html.

  117. 117.

    WIPO, Assemblies of the Member States of WIPO, Medium Term Strategic Work Plan for WIPO, 2010–2015, p. 3, available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/pdf/mtsp.pdf.

  118. 118.

    WIPO, The Economics of IP, available at: http://www.wipo.int/econ_stat/en/economics.

  119. 119.

    See Intellectual Property Watch, “WIPO Names First-Ever Chief Economist,” 2 June 2009.

  120. 120.

    See http://www.wipo.int/econ_stat/en/economics/seminars.html.

  121. 121.

    WIPO, World Intellectual Property Report 2011, available at: http://www.wipo.int/econ_stat/en/economics/publications.html.

  122. 122.

    Cf. http://www.wipo.int/econ_stat/en/news/2010/news_0001.html, available at: http://www.wipo.int/econ_stat/en/economics/publications.html.

  123. 123.

    WIPO, Assemblies of the Member States of WIPO, Medium Term Strategic Work Plan for WIPO, 2010–2015, available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/pdf/mtsp.pdf.

  124. 124.

    WIPO, Assemblies of the Member States of WIPO, Medium Term Strategic Work Plan for WIPO, 2010–2015, p. 4–54, available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/pdf/mtsp.pdf.

  125. 125.

    WIPO, Assemblies of the Member States of WIPO, Medium Term Strategic Work Plan for WIPO, 2010–2015, p. 59, available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/pdf/mtsp.pdf.

  126. 126.

    For a critical stance on norm creation at WIPO see Visser, The Policy-Making Dynamics in Intergovernmental Organizations: A comment on the Remarks of Geoffrey Yu, Chicago-Kent Law Review 82 (2007) 3, p. 1457.

  127. 127.

    WIPO, A Users’ Guide, An Introduction to the Organization, 2012, p. 5.

  128. 128.

    WIPO, WIPO Treaties—General Information, available at: http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/general.

  129. 129.

    See Table 1.

  130. 130.

    See Treaty Doc. No. 105-17, at 1 (1997), 36 I.L.M. 65.

  131. 131.

    See Treaty Doc. No. 105-17, at 18 (1997), 36 I.L.M. 67.

  132. 132.

    17 U.S.C. §§ 1201-1205.

  133. 133.

    OJ [2001] L167/10.

  134. 134.

    See Revised Consolidated Text for a Treaty on the Protection of Broadcasting Organizations, SCCR/12/2, 4 October 2004, available at: http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_12/sccr_12_2.pdf.

  135. 135.

    Intellectual Property Watch, “WIPO Sees Progress on Broadcaster Rights, Library Exceptions; Treaty for Blind Readers Slips,” 5 December 2011, available at: http://www.ip-watch.org.

  136. 136.

    For the organization’s website see http://www.icann.org.

  137. 137.

    See below “Relations with other IP Governance Institutions” for a more detailed account of WIPO’s Internet cooperation.

  138. 138.

    For the website of the forum see http://www.wgig.org.

  139. 139.

    For criticism see Global Information Society Watch, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 2007, available at: http://www.giswatch.org/institutional-overview/civil-society-participation/world-intellectual-property-organisation-wipo. For the website of the forum see http://www.intgovforum.org/cms.

  140. 140.

    For further information on the IP services relating to patents (PCT), trademarks (Madrid system), designs (Hague system), appellations of origin (Lisbon system), protection of state emblems (Article 6ter of the Paris Convention), domain name dispute resolution and international classification see: http://www.wipo.int/services/en and WIPO, Guide to WIPO Services, available at: http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/freepublications/en/general/1020/wipo_pub_1020.pdf.

  141. 141.

    For an overview over the developments see http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/history.

  142. 142.

    See http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/history.

  143. 143.

    Document WO/GA/XIV/1 and 4.

  144. 144.

    WIPO Publication No. 446.

  145. 145.

    WIPO Publication No. 446.

  146. 146.

    See http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/arbitration/expedited-rules/index.html.

  147. 147.

    See http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/index.html.

  148. 148.

    See http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/clauses.

  149. 149.

    See http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/clauses.

  150. 150.

    See http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/center/specific-sectors/sports.

  151. 151.

    For a WIPO caseload summary see http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/center/caseload.html.

  152. 152.

    For a WIPO caseload summary see http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/center/caseload.html.

  153. 153.

    For domain name dispute resolution statistics see http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/statistics/cases.jsp. There was only one case in 1999 but the figure shot skyhigh soon after, reaching 1100 cases in 2003 and 2764 cases in 2011.

  154. 154.

    Petersmann, Justice as Conflict Resolution: Proliferation, Fragmentation, and Decentralization of Dispute Settlement in International Trade, University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law 27 (2006) 2, p. 273 (273–276).

  155. 155.

    Davey, The WTO Dispute Settlement System: The First Ten Years, Journal of International Economic Law 8 (2005) 1, p. 17.

  156. 156.

    Cf. Hathaway/Shapiro, Outcasting: Enforcement in Domestic and International Law, Yale Law Journal 121 (2011) 2, p. 252.

  157. 157.

    WIPO, A Users’ Guide, An Introduction to the Organization, 2011, p. 7.

  158. 158.

    See http://www.wipo.int/global_ip/en.

  159. 159.

    14 July 1967, as amended 18 September 1979, 21 U.S.T. 1749, 828 U.N.T.S. 3.

  160. 160.

    WIPO Development Agenda 2007, available at: http://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda.

  161. 161.

    28 U.S.T. 7645, 1160 U.N.T.S. 231.

  162. 162.

    For WIPO’s efforts to close the knowledge gap see also http://www.wipo.int/global_ip/en/knowledge_gap.html.

  163. 163.

    WIPO, Assemblies of the Member States of WIPO, Medium Term Strategic Work Plan for WIPO, 2010–2015, available at: http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/pdf/mtsp.pdf.

  164. 164.

    For the activities of the Committee see http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/details.jsp?meeting_id=22170.

  165. 165.

    WIPO, Advisory Committee on Enforcement, Seventh Session, 30 November–2 December 2011, Recent Activities of WIPO in the Field of Building Respect for Intellectual Property (IP), WIPO/ACE/7/2.

  166. 166.

    For a critical stance see also Drahos, Securing the Future of Intellectual Property: Intellectual Property Owners and Their Nodally Coordinated Enforcement Pyramid, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 36 (2004) 1, p. 53 (55).

  167. 167.

    See http://www.wipo.int/academy/en.

  168. 168.

    For the full 2012 portfolio see WIPO, WIPO Academy Education and Training Program Portfolio, 2011.

  169. 169.

    Cf. Charnovitz, Triangulating the World Trade Organization, American Journal of International Law 96 (2002) 1, p. 28 (28–30).

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  1. Max Weber Fellow, European University Institute, Villa La Fonte, Via delle Fontanelle, 10, 50014, San Domenico di Fiesole (Firenze), Italy

    Andrea Wechsler

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  1. European Law, European and, University of Passau Chair for Constitutional and Administrat, Passau, Germany

    Christoph Herrmann

  2. Chair for Public Law, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Markus Krajewski

  3. Chair for Public Law, European and, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany

    Jörg Philipp Terhechte

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Wechsler, A. (2013). WIPO and the Public–Private Web of Global Intellectual Property Governance. In: Herrmann, C., Krajewski, M., Terhechte, J. (eds) European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2013. European Yearbook of International Economic Law, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33917-2_16

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