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European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2013 pp 287–351Cite as

The Status of African Regional Trade Agreements

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Part of the book series: European Yearbook of International Economic Law ((volume 4))

Abstract

This chapter comprehensively introduces all eight African Regional Trade Agreements, (RTA), that are slated to eventually combine to form the African Economic Community. For each RTA, the chapter begins with an overview that includes its founding date, purposes and members as well as the sequence contemplated to be followed in the integration plan. Each of these integration schemes, free market, customs market, common market, monetary union and where there is planned political union is examined in turn. For each RTA, a section evaluating progress made in the integration agenda concludes the discussion. This chapter is therefore about the state of play in African RTAs about which there is often little written about.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    It is important to note that while there are numerous RTAs in the continent, only eight are recognised by the African Union for the purposes of forming the African Economic Community.

  2. 2.

    Gathii, African Regional Trade Agreements as Legal Regimes, 2011.

  3. 3.

    African Union, Profile: Economic Community of West African States, p. 2, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/recs/ECOWASProfile.pdf.

  4. 4.

    Art. 3(1) of the Treaty Establishing the Economic Community of West African States, available at: http://www.worldtradelaw.net/fta/agreements/ecowasfta.pdf.

  5. 5.

    African Union, Profile: Economic Community of West African States, p. 2, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/recs/ECOWASProfile.pdf.

  6. 6.

    African Union, Profile: Economic Community of West African States, p. 5, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/recs/ECOWASProfile.pdf.

  7. 7.

    African Union, Profile: Economic Community of West African States, p. 5, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/recs/ECOWASProfile.pdf.

  8. 8.

    African Union, Profile: Economic Community of West African States, p. 10, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/recs/ECOWASProfile.pdf.

  9. 9.

    Seventh EU-ECOWAS Ministerial Troika Meeting, 18 May 2005, available at: http://www.europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_4706_en.htm.

  10. 10.

    Kokutse, Trade: ECOWAS Delay on EPA Allows Ghana to Rethink, Global Issues, 29 June 2009, available at: http://www.globalissues.org/news/2009/06/29/1970.

  11. 11.

    Art. 35(1), 36(1) ECOWAS Treaty, “Member States shall reduce and ultimately eliminate customs duties and any other charges with equivalent effect […] imposed on or in connection with the importation of goods which are eligible for Community tariff treatment.”

  12. 12.

    Art. 36(4) ECOWAS Treaty, “However, the Council shall […] examine whether such reductions or eliminations shall apply to some or all goods and in respect of some or all the Member States” not later than one year before the reductions or eliminations come into effect. Once this is done, the Council must report the result for the decision of the Authority.

  13. 13.

    Art. 35 ECOWAS Treaty.

  14. 14.

    Documentation on the ECOWAS trade liberalisation scheme is unavailable through the internet with the exception of a scheme for the liberalisation of industrial materials.

  15. 15.

    The document describing priority and non-priority industrial goods, Decision C/DEC.3/5/8, is not available online.

  16. 16.

    Art. 35(2) ECOWAS Treaty.

  17. 17.

    Art. 40(1) ECOWAS Treaty.

  18. 18.

    Art. 55(1) ECOWAS Treaty. Free movement of community citizens has been fully achieved and member states now have a common ECOWAS international passport.

  19. 19.

    Art. 55(2) ECOWAS Treaty.

  20. 20.

    Art. 51(1) ECOWAS Treaty.

  21. 21.

    Art. 52 ECOWAS Treaty.

  22. 22.

    Art. 52 ECOWAS Treaty.

  23. 23.

    ECOWAS Vision 2020 Document.

  24. 24.

    ECOWAS Vision 2020 Document, p. 2.

  25. 25.

    ECOWAS Vision 2020 Document, p. 3.

  26. 26.

    ECOWAS Vision 2020 Document, p. 8.

  27. 27.

    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 14, para. 24, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf.

  28. 28.

    Jaidev, Governors Gloomy on Outlook for Pan-African Currency, Risk.net, 7 July 2010, available at: http://www.risk.net/risk-magazine/news/1721130/governors-gloomy-outlook-pan-african-currency.

  29. 29.

    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 17, para. 39, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf.

  30. 30.

    Art. 7 of the Agreement Establishing the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), available at: http://www.igad.int/etc./agreement_establishing_igad.pdf.

  31. 31.

    See the IGAD Strategy, § 2.3, p. 5, available at: http://igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=153&limitstart=2.

  32. 32.

    IGAD Strategy, § 2.10, p. 9, available at: http://igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=153&limitstart=2.

  33. 33.

    IGAD Strategy, § 2.6, p. 7, available at: http://igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=153&limitstart=2.

  34. 34.

    IGAD Strategy, § 4.1.3.(a), p. 16, available at: http://igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=153&limitstart=2.

  35. 35.

    IGAD Strategy, § 4.1.3.(a), p. 17, available at: http://igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=153&limitstart=2.

  36. 36.

    IGAD Strategy, § 4.1.3.(b), p. 17, available at: http://igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=153&limitstart=2.

  37. 37.

    IGAD Livestock Policy Initiative, p. 28.

  38. 38.

    IGAD Livestock Policy Initiative, p. 29.

  39. 39.

    IGAD Livestock Policy Initiative, p. 37.

  40. 40.

    IGAD Livestock Policy Initiative, p. 38.

  41. 41.

    IGAD Livestock Policy Initiative, p. 48.

  42. 42.

    IGAD Livestock Policy Initiative, p. 78.

  43. 43.

    IGAD Livestock Policy Initiative, p. 92.

  44. 44.

    IGAD Livestock Policy Initiative, p. 92.

  45. 45.

    Communique of the 12th Ordinary Summit of the Heads of State and Government of IGAD, available at: http://www.igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=107:communique-of-the-12th-summit-of-heads-of-state-and-government-of-igad-&catid=47:communique&Itemid=149.

  46. 46.

    Communique: IGAD—EU Ministerial Troika Meeting, available at: http://www.igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141:communique-igad-eu-ministerial-troika-meeting&catid=47:communique&Itemid=149.

  47. 47.

    Communique: IGAD—EU Ministerial Troika Meeting, available at: http://www.igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141:communique-igad-eu-ministerial-troika-meeting&catid=47:communique&Itemid=149.

  48. 48.

    COMESA, History of COMESA, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95&Itemid=117.

  49. 49.

    COMESA, Overview of COMESA, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75:overview-of-comesa-&catid=42:general&Itemid=106.

  50. 50.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  51. 51.

    Art. 45 of the Treaty Establishing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, available at: http://www.comesa.int/attachments/article/28/COMESA_Treaty.pdf.

  52. 52.

    Art. 49(1) COMESA Treaty.

  53. 53.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  54. 54.

    Art. 4(4)(a) COMESA Treaty.

  55. 55.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  56. 56.

    Art. 45 COMESA Treaty.

  57. 57.

    Art. 47 COMESA Treaty.

  58. 58.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  59. 59.

    Final Communiqué of the Thirteenth Summit of the COMESA Authority of Heads of State and Government, 8 June 2009, p. 6.

  60. 60.

    Eleventh Meeting of the COMESA Council of Ministers, 20–21 May 2001, Art. 68.

  61. 61.

    Art. 47 COMESA Treaty.

  62. 62.

    Communiqué of the Twelfth Summit of the COMESA Heads of State and Government, 22–23 May 2007, p. 7.

  63. 63.

    Art. 72 COMESA Treaty.

  64. 64.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  65. 65.

    Art. 79 COMESA Treaty.

  66. 66.

    Art. 77 COMESA Treaty.

  67. 67.

    Art. 78 COMESA Treaty.

  68. 68.

    Procedures Manual on the Implementation of the Protocol on the Rules of Origin for Products to be traded between the Member States of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, September 2002, Chapter 1.1, available at: http://www.mcci.org/Photos/comesarulesoforginmanual.pdf.

  69. 69.

    Art. 48(1) COMESA Treaty.

  70. 70.

    Rule 2(1)(a) of the COMESA Rules of Origin Protocol, available at: http://www.iadb.org/int/intradebid/DocsPdf/Acuerdos/COMESA%20Protocol%20on%20theRules%20o%20fOrigin.pdf.

  71. 71.

    Rule 3 COMESA Rules of Origin Protocol.

  72. 72.

    Rule 2(1)(b)(i) COMESA Rules of Origin Protocol.

  73. 73.

    Rule 2(1)(b)(ii) COMESA Rules of Origin Protocol. Ex-factory costs refers to “the value of total inputs required to produce a given product.”, Rule 1 COMESA Rules of Origin Protocol.

  74. 74.

    Rule 2(1)(b)(iii) COMESA Rules of Origin Protocol.

  75. 75.

    Rule 2(1)(c) COMESA Rules of Origin Protocol.

  76. 76.

    Art. 4 COMESA Treaty.

  77. 77.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  78. 78.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  79. 79.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  80. 80.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  81. 81.

    Communiqué of the Twelfth Summit of the COMESA Heads of State and Government, 22–23 May 2007, p. 11.

  82. 82.

    COMESA, Investment Promotion and Private Sector Development, available at: http://programmes.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=111&Itemid=149.

  83. 83.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  84. 84.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  85. 85.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  86. 86.

    COMESA, Infrastructure, available at: http://programmes.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&Itemid=201.

  87. 87.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  88. 88.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  89. 89.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  90. 90.

    Art. 3 of the Electronic Transactions Act of 2000, 1 August 2001, available at: http://programmes.comesa.int/attachments/128_Electronic%20Transaction%20Act.pdf.

  91. 91.

    COMESA, COMESA Strategy, available at: http://about.comesa.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78:comesa-strategy-&catid=42:general&Itemid=118.

  92. 92.

    Non-Tariff Barriers Monitoring Mechanism, Regional Trade Facilitation Programme, available at: http://ntb.africonnect.com/.

  93. 93.

    International Trade Agreements Leaflet No. 10, p. 2, available at: http://www.zra.org.zm/publications/TradeAgreement.pdf.

  94. 94.

    Final Communiqué of the Eleventh Summit of the COMESA Heads of State and Government, 1 December 2006, p. 4.

  95. 95.

    High Commission of India, Brief on COMESA, August 2010, available at: http://meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation/23fr01.pdf.

  96. 96.

    High Commission of India, Brief on COMESA, August 2010, available at: http://meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation/23fr01.pdf.

  97. 97.

    See Non-Tariff Barriers Monitoring Mechanism, Regional Trade Facilitation Programme, available at: http://ntb.africonnect.com/.

  98. 98.

    See Osoro, An Overview of the Elimination of Non-Tariff Barriers, available at: http://www.mcci.org/photos/ntbs.ppt.

  99. 99.

    High Commission of India, Brief on COMESA, August 2010, available at: http://meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation/23fr01.pdf.

  100. 100.

    See Non-Tariff Barriers Monitoring Mechanism, Regional Trade Facilitation Programme, available at: http://ntb.africonnect.com/.

  101. 101.

    Imani Development, Inventory of Regional Non-Tariff Barriers: Synthesis Report, July 2007, p. 11, available at: http://www.tradebarriers.org/octo_upload/attachments/download/4ccff6b5-438c-45cb-b672-3a88c0a80305/ntb_synthesis_2007_final.pdf.

  102. 102.

    Id.

  103. 103.

    COMESA Finalises New Trade Regime, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 29 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/29/comesa-finalises-new-trade-regime/.

  104. 104.

    COMESA Finalises New Trade Regime, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 29 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/29/comesa-finalises-new-trade-regime/.

  105. 105.

    COMESA Finalises New Trade Regime, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 29 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/29/comesa-finalises-new-trade-regime/.

  106. 106.

    COMESA Finalises New Trade Regime, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 29 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/29/comesa-finalises-new-trade-regime/.

  107. 107.

    Abdoulahi, Progress Report on Regional Integration Efforts in Africa towards the Promotion of Intra-African Trade, December 2005, p. 8, available at: http://repository.uneca.org/bitstream/handle/10855/12617/bib.%2053729_I.pdf?sequence=1.

  108. 108.

    Official Gazette of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Vol. 15, No. 1, 9 June 2009, Part III, Art. 7, available at: http://www.comesa.int/attachments/article/26/2009%20Gazette%20Vol.%2015%20No1.pdf.

  109. 109.

    COMESA, COMESA Customs Union, available at: http://programmes.comesa.int.

  110. 110.

    COMESA, The COMESA Customs Union: Status on Sensitive Products and Implementation of the Transition Period, p. 5, available at: http://programmes.comesa.int.

  111. 111.

    COMESA, The COMESA Customs Union: Status on Sensitive Products and Implementation of the Transition Period, p. 5, available at: http://programmes.comesa.int.

  112. 112.

    COMESA, The COMESA Customs Union: Status on Sensitive Products and Implementation of the Transition Period, p. 8, available at: http://programmes.comesa.int.

  113. 113.

    COMESA, The COMESA Customs Union: Status on Sensitive Products and Implementation of the Transition Period, p. 5, available at: http://programmes.comesa.int.

  114. 114.

    COMESA May Miss Deadline for Duty-Free Trade, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 24 June 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/06/24/comesa-may-miss-deadline-for-duty-free-trade/.

  115. 115.

    COMESA May Miss Deadline for Duty-Free Trade, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 24 June 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/06/24/comesa-may-miss-deadline-for-duty-free-trade/.

  116. 116.

    Masinga, COMESA Members to Implement Agriculture Policies, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 21 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/21/comesa-members-to-implement-agriculture-policies/.

  117. 117.

    Masinga, COMESA Members to Implement Agriculture Policies, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 21 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/21/comesa-members-to-implement-agriculture-policies/.

  118. 118.

    Muwanga, COMESA to Address Power Shortage, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 22 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/22/comesa-to-address-power-shortage/.

  119. 119.

    Muwanga, COMESA to Address Power Shortage, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 22 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/22/comesa-to-address-power-shortage/.

  120. 120.

    Muwanga, COMESA to Address Power Shortage, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 22 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/22/comesa-to-address-power-shortage/.

  121. 121.

    African Free Trade, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 5 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/05/african-free-trade/.

  122. 122.

    African Free Trade, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 5 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/05/african-free-trade/.

  123. 123.

    African Free Trade, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 5 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/05/african-free-trade/.

  124. 124.

    African Free Trade, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 5 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/05/african-free-trade/.

  125. 125.

    See the EAC Development Strategy 2006–2010, Executive Summary, p. 7, available at: http://www.eac.int/home.html.

  126. 126.

    Art. 7(c) of the Treaty Establishing the East African Community, available at: http://www.eac.int/.

  127. 127.

    Art. 75(1) EAC Treaty.

  128. 128.

    Art. 75(7) EAC Treaty.

  129. 129.

    Art. 11(1) of the Protocol on the Establishment of the East African Customs Union, available at: http://customs.eac.int/.

  130. 130.

    Art. 3 EAC Customs Union Protocol.

  131. 131.

    Art. 10(1) EAC Customs Union Protocol.

  132. 132.

    Art. 1 EAC Treaty.

  133. 133.

    Art. 1 EAC Treaty.

  134. 134.

    Art. 12(1) EAC Customs Union Protocol.

  135. 135.

    Art. 12(2),(3) EAC Customs Union Protocol.

  136. 136.

    Art. 3 of the East African Community Customs Management Act of 2004, available at: http://www.usig.org/countryinfo/laws/Uganda/East%20African%20Community%20customs%20Management%20Act%202004.pdf.

  137. 137.

    Art. 4 EAC Customs Management Act.

  138. 138.

    Art. 18 EAC Customs Management Act.

  139. 139.

    Second Schedule, Part A of the EAC Customs Management Act.

  140. 140.

    Second Schedule, Part B of the EAC Customs Management Act.

  141. 141.

    Art. 70 EAC Customs Management Act.

  142. 142.

    Third Schedule, Part A of the EAC Customs Management Act.

  143. 143.

    Third Schedule, Part B(1) of the EAC Customs Management Act.

  144. 144.

    Third Schedule, Part B(2) of the EAC Customs Management Act.

  145. 145.

    Art. 73-82 EAC Customs Management Act.

  146. 146.

    Art. 83-84 EAC Customs Management Act.

  147. 147.

    Art. 85-87 EAC Customs Management Act.

  148. 148.

    Art. 111(1) EAC Customs Management Act.

  149. 149.

    Art. 115 EAC Customs Management Act.

  150. 150.

    Art. 120 EAC Customs Management Act.

  151. 151.

    EAC Customs Management Act.

  152. 152.

    Art. 122(1) EAC Customs Management Act.

  153. 153.

    Art. 120(2) EAC Customs Management Act.

  154. 154.

    Abdoulahi, Progress Report on Regional Integration Efforts in Africa towards the Promotion of Intra-African Trade, 2005, p. 12.

  155. 155.

    Abdoulahi, Progress Report on Regional Integration Efforts in Africa towards the Promotion of Intra-African Trade, 2005, p. 9.

  156. 156.

    Art. 14(1) EAC Customs Union Protocol.

  157. 157.

    Rule 4(1)(a) of the EAC Customs Union (Rules of Origin) Rules, available at: http://www.eac.int/customs/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=2&Itemid=.

  158. 158.

    Rule 5(1) of the EAC Customs Union Rules.

  159. 159.

    First Schedule of the EAC Customs Union Rules.

  160. 160.

    Art. 4(1)(b) of the EAC Customs Union Rules.

  161. 161.

    Arab Maghreb Union, History, available at: http://www.maghrebarabe.org/en/uma.cfm; see also Department of International Relations and Cooperation of the Republic of South Africa, Arab Maghreb Union, available at: http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/Multilateral/africa/amu.htm.

  162. 162.

    Art. 2 of the Treaty Establishing the Arab Maghreb Union, available at: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/regeco_treaties/text.jsp?doc_id=150805&file_id=201320. A translated version is available at: http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MAGHREB.pdf.

  163. 163.

    Art. 3 AMU Treaty.

  164. 164.

    Finaish/Bell, The Arab Maghreb Union, IMF Working Paper No. 94/55, p. 7.

  165. 165.

    Finaish/Bell, The Arab Maghreb Union, IMF Working Paper No. 94/55, p. 10.

  166. 166.

    Art. 4 AMU Treaty.

  167. 167.

    Art. 6 AMU Treaty.

  168. 168.

    Art. 4 AMU Treaty.

  169. 169.

    Art. 5 AMU Treaty.

  170. 170.

    Art. 7 AMU Treaty.

  171. 171.

    Art. 8 AMU Treaty.

  172. 172.

    Art. 12 AMU Treaty.

  173. 173.

    Art. 11 AMU Treaty.

  174. 174.

    Art. 10 AMU Treaty provides for the creation of Specialized Ministerial Committees set up by the Presidential Council which shall define its attributions.

  175. 175.

    Art. 13 AMU Treaty.

  176. 176.

    Art. 13 AMU Treaty.

  177. 177.

    Art. 13 AMU Treaty.

  178. 178.

    See the entry on the Arab Maghreb Union, Encyclopedia of Business, available at: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/A-Ar/Arab-Maghreb-Union.html.

  179. 179.

    Finaish/Bell, The Arab Maghreb Union, IMF Working Paper No. 94/55, p. 8. The other four are agreements with respect to trade in agricultural products, investment guarantees, avoidance of double taxation, and phyto-sanitary standards.

  180. 180.

    Finaish/Bell, The Arab Maghreb Union, IMF Working Paper No. 94/55, p. 8; see also the Communication from the Arab Maghreb Union, Request for Observer Status, GATT Document L/7548, 2 November 1994, p. 3, available at: http://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/91820125.pdf.

  181. 181.

    Martinez, Algeria, the Arab Maghreb Union and Regional Integration, EuroMeSCo Paper 59, 2006, p. 6, available at: http://www.euromesco.net/images/59_eng.pdf.

  182. 182.

    See the entry on the Arab Maghreb Union, Encyclopedia of Business.

  183. 183.

    See the entry on the Arab Maghreb Union, Encyclopedia of Business.

  184. 184.

    Mortimer, The Arab Maghreb Union: Myth and Reality, in: Zoubir (ed.), North Africa in Transition: State, Society, and Economic Transformation in the 1990s, 1999; see also the entry on the Arab Maghreb Union, Encyclopedia of Business.

  185. 185.

    Mortimer, The Arab Maghreb Union: Myth and Reality, in: Zoubir (ed.), North Africa in Transition: State, Society, and Economic Transformation in the 1990s, 1999.

  186. 186.

    Hufbauer/Brunel, Maghreb Regional and Global Integration: A Dream to be Fulfilled, 2008, p. 10.

  187. 187.

    Martinez, Algeria, the Arab Maghreb Union and Regional Integration, EuroMeSCo Paper 59, 2006, p. 6.

  188. 188.

    Martinez, Algeria, the Arab Maghreb Union and Regional Integration, EuroMeSCo Paper 59, 2006, p. 6.

  189. 189.

    Finaish/Bell, The Arab Maghreb Union, IMF Working Paper No. 94/55, p. 15.

  190. 190.

    Finaish/Bell, The Arab Maghreb Union, IMF Working Paper No. 94/55, p. 14; see also Achy, Trade in North Africa: Assessing Regional Integration Potential in North Africa, U.N. Economic Commission for Africa Document ECA-NA/RABAT/ICE/XXI/3/I, April 2006, p. 5, available at: http://www.uneca.org/sros/na/documents/Trade.pdf.

  191. 191.

    Hufbauer/Brunel, Maghreb Regional and Global Integration: A Dream to be Fulfilled, 2008, p. 1.

  192. 192.

    Yahia, Tunis forum targets Maghreb unity as solution to economic crisis, Magharebia, 14 May 2009, available at: www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2009/05/14/feature-03.

  193. 193.

    Yahia, Tunis forum targets Maghreb unity as solution to economic crisis, Magharebia, 14 May 2009, available at: www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2009/05/14/feature-03; Trade exchanges between Tunisia and the other Maghreb countries went from 1.9 billion dinars in 2005 to 4.2 billion dinars in 2008. Tunisian exports to Maghreb countries have increased from 1 billion dinars in 2005 to 1.9 billion dinars in 2008 and imports have increased from 900 million dinars in 2005 to 2.3 billion dinars in 2008.

  194. 194.

    Felice, According to the World Bank, Maghreb is Key to EU Development, Medibtikar, 13 April 2007, available at: http://www.medibtikar.eu/+According-to-World-Bank-Maghreb-is+.html.

  195. 195.

    Felice, According to the World Bank, Maghreb is Key to EU Development, Medibtikar, 13 April 2007, available at: http://www.medibtikar.eu/+According-to-World-Bank-Maghreb-is+.html.

  196. 196.

    Felice, According to the World Bank, Maghreb is Key to EU Development, Medibtikar, 13 April 2007, available at: http://www.medibtikar.eu/+According-to-World-Bank-Maghreb-is+.html.

  197. 197.

    World Bank, Regional Integration for Global Competitiveness, p. 36, available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/EDP2008_Chap_2.pdf.

  198. 198.

    Finaish/Bell, The Arab Maghreb Union, IMF Working Paper No. 94/55, p. 23.

  199. 199.

    Finaish/Bell, The Arab Maghreb Union, IMF Working Paper No. 94/55, p. 24.

  200. 200.

    Finaish/Bell, The Arab Maghreb Union, IMF Working Paper No. 94/55, p. 24.

  201. 201.

    UN Economic Commission for Africa/African Union, Assessing Regional Integration in Africa, Part III, 2008, p. 16, available at: http://www.iss.co.za/uploads/ARIA3NOV08.PDF.

  202. 202.

    UN Economic Commission for Africa/African Union, Assessing Regional Integration in Africa, Part III, 2008, p. 16, available at: http://www.iss.co.za/uploads/ARIA3NOV08.PDF.

  203. 203.

    Allain/Loko, Fresh Impetus Toward Maghreb Integration, IMF Survey Magazine, 12 September 2007, available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2007/car0912b.htm.

  204. 204.

    Martinez, Algeria, the Arab Maghreb Union and Regional Integration, EuroMeSCo Paper 59, 2006, p. 6.

  205. 205.

    International Monetary Fund, Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia, September 2006, p. 24, available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2006/ENG/02/mreo0906.pdf.

  206. 206.

    International Monetary Fund, Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia, September 2006, p. 24, available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2006/ENG/02/mreo0906.pdf.

  207. 207.

    International Monetary Fund, Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia, September 2006, p. 24, available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2006/ENG/02/mreo0906.pdf.

  208. 208.

    International Monetary Fund, Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia, September 2006, p. 24, available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2006/ENG/02/mreo0906.pdf.

  209. 209.

    Italian Ministry of Agricultural and Agrarian Reform, Implementation of the Great Arab Free Trade Agreement: The Case of Syria, Working Paper No. 8, p. 4, available at: http://www.napcsyr.org/dwnld-files/working_papers/en/08_gafta_en.pdf.

  210. 210.

    Italian Ministry of Agricultural and Agrarian Reform, Implementation of the Great Arab Free Trade Agreement: The Case of Syria, Working Paper No. 8, p. 4, available at: http://www.napcsyr.org/dwnld-files/working_papers/en/08_gafta_en.pdf.

  211. 211.

    Italian Ministry of Agricultural and Agrarian Reform, Implementation of the Great Arab Free Trade Agreement: The Case of Syria, Working Paper No. 8, p. 4, available at: http://www.napcsyr.org/dwnld-files/working_papers/en/08_gafta_en.pdf.

  212. 212.

    Italian Ministry of Agricultural and Agrarian Reform, Implementation of the Great Arab Free Trade Agreement: The Case of Syria, Working Paper No. 8, p. 4, available at: http://www.napcsyr.org/dwnld-files/working_papers/en/08_gafta_en.pdf.

  213. 213.

    Abedini/Péridy, The Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA): An Estimation of the Trade Effects, 2007, p. 3, available at: http://economics.ca/2007/papers/0300.pdf.

  214. 214.

    Abedini/Péridy, The Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA): An Estimation of the Trade Effects, 2007, p. 3, available at: http://economics.ca/2007/papers/0300.pdf.

  215. 215.

    Abedini/Péridy, The Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA): An Estimation of the Trade Effects, 2007, p. 3, available at: http://economics.ca/2007/papers/0300.pdf.; see also Italian Ministry of Agricultural and Agrarian Reform, Implementation of the Great Arab Free Trade Agreement: The Case of Syria, Working Paper No. 8, p. 5.

  216. 216.

    Abedini/Peridy, The Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA): An Estimation of the Trade Effects, 2007, p. 1.

  217. 217.

    Abedini/Peridy, The Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA): An Estimation of the Trade Effects, 2007, p. 4.

  218. 218.

    Gendrano, League of Arab States: The Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement, 2007, p. 13, available at: http://www.idia.net/Files/ConferenceCommitteeTopicFiles/149/PDFFile/U07-LAS-GreaterArabFreeTradeAgreement.pdf. With the “agricultural calendar” provision, each GAFTA state was allowed to use protectionist measures for at most ten agricultural products for seven months out of twelve months a year, with a maximum of 45 months in total for a specific commodity. The reasoning behind the exemptions was to protect certain commodities from facing competition from other states in the region, particularly states participating in GAFTA. States are abusing the exemption list by adding products potentially subject to non-Arab competition on their exception list, fearing strong competition from outside the region.

  219. 219.

    Gendrano, League of Arab States: The Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement, 2007, p. 15, available at: http://www.idia.net/Files/ConferenceCommitteeTopicFiles/149/PDFFile/U07-LAS-GreaterArabFreeTradeAgreement.pdf.

  220. 220.

    SADC currently has fifteen members: Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. See Gendrano, League of Arab States: The Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement, 2007, p. 13, available at: http://www.idia.net/Files/ConferenceCommitteeTopicFiles/149/PDFFile/U07-LAS-GreaterArabFreeTradeAgreement.pdf.

  221. 221.

    Art. 22(1) SADC Treaty.

  222. 222.

    Art. 3(1) of the SADC Protocol on Trade, available at: http://www.sadc.int/english/key-documents/protocols/protocol-on-trade/.

  223. 223.

    Abdoulahi, Progress Report on Regional Integration Efforts in Africa towards the Promotion of Intra-African Trade, 2005, p. 7.

  224. 224.

    Abdoulahi, Progress Report on Regional Integration Efforts in Africa towards the Promotion of Intra-African Trade, 2005, p. 7.

  225. 225.

    Abdoulahi, Progress Report on Regional Integration Efforts in Africa towards the Promotion of Intra-African Trade, 2005, p. 7.

  226. 226.

    Art. 4(1) of the SADC Protocol on Trade.

  227. 227.

    Grimett, Protectionism and Compliance with the GATT Article XXIV in Selected Regional Trade Arrangements, p. 223, available at: http://eprints.ru.ac.za/208/01/grimett-thesis.pdf (arguing Article 4 is inconsistent with the provisions of Article XXIV(8)(b) of GATT since it authorises the maintenance of quantitative restrictions. However, that argument ignores the fact that the enabling clause creates independent justification for intra LDC regional cooperation outside of Article XXIV of GATT as we saw in Chapter 5.).

  228. 228.

    See Art. 7 of the SADC Protocol on Trade.

  229. 229.

    Art. 5(2) of the SADC Protocol on Trade.

  230. 230.

    Art. 8(2) of the SADC Protocol on Trade.

  231. 231.

    Grimett, Protectionism and Compliance with the GATT Article XXIV in Selected Regional Trade Arrangements, pp. 221–222, available at: http://eprints.ru.ac.za/208/01/grimett-thesis.pdf.

  232. 232.

    See Article XI(1) GATT, available at: http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47_01_e.htm#articleXI.

  233. 233.

    See Quantitative Restrictions on Trade, a revised paper presented at the Seventh Trade Policy Coordinating Meeting of CAREC on 6 September 2007, p. 2, available at: http://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/docs/Quantitative-Restrictions-Trade.pdf.

  234. 234.

    See Quantitative Restrictions on Trade, a revised paper presented at the Seventh Trade Policy Coordinating Meeting of CAREC on 6 September 2007, p. 2, available at: http://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/docs/Quantitative-Restrictions-Trade.pdf.

  235. 235.

    See the SADC FTA Brochure, p. 7, available at: http://www.sadc.int/english/regional-integration/tifi/sadc-free-trade-area/documents-and-resources/fta-brochure/.

  236. 236.

    See Art. 6 of the SADC Protocol on Trade.

  237. 237.

    Grimett, Protectionism and Compliance with the GATT Article XXIV in Selected Regional Trade Arrangements, p. 222, available at: http://eprints.ru.ac.za/208/01/grimett-thesis.pdf.

  238. 238.

    See Art. 3(1)(c) of the SADC Protocol on Trade.

  239. 239.

    Grimett, Protectionism and Compliance with the GATT Article XXIV in Selected Regional Trade Arrangements, p. 222, available at: http://eprints.ru.ac.za/208/01/grimett-thesis.pdf.

  240. 240.

    See the SADC FTA Web Site, available at: http://www.sadc.int/fta.

  241. 241.

    See the SADC FTA Web Site, available at: http://www.sadc.int/fta.

  242. 242.

    See the SADC FTA Brochure, p. 7.

  243. 243.

    See the SADC FTA Leaflet, available at: http://www.sadc.int/english/regional-integration/tifi/sadc-free-trade-area/documents-and-resources/fta-leaflet/.

  244. 244.

    Art. 9 of the SADC Protocol on Trade.

  245. 245.

    See the SADC FTA Leaflet.

  246. 246.

    Khandelwal, COMESA and SADC: Prospects and Challenges for Regional Trade Integration, IMF Working Paper WP/04/227, December 2004, p. 12, available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2004/wp04227.pdf.

  247. 247.

    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 58, para. 198, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf.

  248. 248.

    U.N. Economic Commission for Africa, Assessing Regional Integration in Africa, Part IV, pp. 14–15, available at: http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/Publications/books/aria4/ARIA4Full.pdf.

  249. 249.

    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 64, para. 216, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf.

  250. 250.

    Khandelwal, COMESA and SADC: Prospects and Challenges for Regional Trade Integration, IMF Working Paper WP/04/227, December 2004, p. 14.

  251. 251.

    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 65, para. 221.

  252. 252.

    SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan, Chapter 1, § 6, available at: http://www.sadc.int/index/browse/page/104.

  253. 253.

    SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan, Chapter 1, § 6, available at: http://www.sadc.int/index/browse/page/104.

  254. 254.

    SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan, Chapter 1, § 6, available at: http://www.sadc.int/index/browse/page/104.

  255. 255.

    SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan, Chapter 1, § 6, available at: http://www.sadc.int/index/browse/page/104.

  256. 256.

    SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan, Chapter 1, § 6, available at: http://www.sadc.int/index/browse/page/104.

  257. 257.

    SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan, Annex Table 4.10, Trade and Economic Liberalization and Development, available at: http://www.sadc.int/index/browse/page/104.

  258. 258.

    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 66, para. 227, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf.

  259. 259.

    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 66, para. 227, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf.

  260. 260.

    Elago/Kalenga, Whither the SADC Customs Union?, Monitoring Regional Integration Yearbook 2007, 2008, p. 8, available at: http://www.garnet.sciencespobordeaux.fr/Garnet%20papers%20PDF/ELAGO%20Paulina%20&%20KALENGA%20Paul.pdf.

  261. 261.

    Elago/Kalenga, Whither the SADC Customs Union?, Monitoring Regional Integration Yearbook 2007, 2008, pp. 8–9, available at: http://www.garnet.sciencespobordeaux.fr/Garnet%20papers%20PDF/ELAGO%20Paulina%20&%20KALENGA%20Paul.pdf.

  262. 262.

    Elago/Kalenga, Whither the SADC Customs Union?, Monitoring Regional Integration Yearbook 2007, 2008, p. 12, available at: http://www.garnet.sciencespobordeaux.fr/Garnet%20papers%20PDF/ELAGO%20Paulina%20&%20KALENGA%20Paul.pdf.

  263. 263.

    U.N. Economic Commission for Africa, Assessing Regional Integration in Africa, Part IV, p. 16.

  264. 264.

    U.N. Economic Commission for Africa, Assessing Regional Integration in Africa, Part IV, p. 16.

  265. 265.

    Bursvik, et al., Supporting Regional Integration in East and Southern Africa—Review of Select Issues, 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/05/18/supporting-regional-integration-in-east-and-southern-africa-review-of-select-issues/.

  266. 266.

    Botswana Press Agency, “SADC Fails to Meet Deadline”, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 19 August 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/08/19/sadc-fails-to-meet-deadline/.

  267. 267.

    Botswana Press Agency, “SADC Fails to Meet Deadline”, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 19 August 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/08/19/sadc-fails-to-meet-deadline/.

  268. 268.

    Bursvik et al., Supporting Regional Integration in East and Southern Africa—Review of Select Issues, 2010, p. 21, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/05/18/supporting-regional-integration-in-east-and-southern-africa-review-of-select-issues/.

  269. 269.

    Bursvik et al., Supporting Regional Integration in East and Southern Africa—Review of Select Issues, 2010, p. 21, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/05/18/supporting-regional-integration-in-east-and-southern-africa-review-of-select-issues/.

  270. 270.

    Njini, SADC Limps Towards a Common Market, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 13 August 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/08/13/sadc-limps-towards-a-common-market/.

  271. 271.

    Njini, SADC Limps Towards a Common Market, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 13 August 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/08/13/sadc-limps-towards-a-common-market/.

  272. 272.

    Njini, SADC Limps Towards a Common Market, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 13 August 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/08/13/sadc-limps-towards-a-common-market/.

  273. 273.

    SACU, History of SACU, available at: http://www.sacu.int/about.php?id=394.

  274. 274.

    SACU, History of SACU, available at: http://www.sacu.int/about.php?id=394.

  275. 275.

    SACU, History of SACU, available at: http://www.sacu.int/about.php?id=394.

  276. 276.

    SACU, History of SACU, available at: http://www.sacu.int/about.php?id=394.

  277. 277.

    SACU, History of SACU, available at: http://www.sacu.int/about.php?id=394.

  278. 278.

    SACU, History of SACU, available at: http://www.sacu.int/about.php?id=394.

  279. 279.

    SACU, History of SACU, available at: http://www.sacu.int/about.php?id=394.

  280. 280.

    SACU, History of SACU, available at: http://www.sacu.int/about.php?id=394.

  281. 281.

    See Art. 3, 10 of the 2002 Southern African Customs Union Agreement, available at: http://www.sacu.int/main.php?include=docs/legislation/2002-agreement/part3.html.

  282. 282.

    SACU, History of SACU, available at: http://www.sacu.int/about.php?id=394.

  283. 283.

    SACU, History of SACU, available at: http://www.sacu.int/about.php?id=394.

  284. 284.

    SACU, History of SACU, available at: http://www.sacu.int/about.php?id=394.

  285. 285.

    Art. 33(1),(3) of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  286. 286.

    SACU, History of SACU.

  287. 287.

    Art. 2 of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  288. 288.

    SACU, About SACU: Vision and Mission, available at: http://www.sacu.int/about.php?id=395.

  289. 289.

    Art. 18 of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  290. 290.

    Art. 19 of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  291. 291.

    Art. 20(1) of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  292. 292.

    Art. 20(2) of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  293. 293.

    SACU, Trade Facilitation: Overview, available at: http://www.sacu.int/tradef.php?id=405.

  294. 294.

    SACU, Trade Facilitation: Overview, available at: http://www.sacu.int/tradef.php?id=405.

  295. 295.

    Art. 2, 24, 27 of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  296. 296.

    SACU, Trade Facilitation: Overview, available at: http://www.sacu.int/tradef.php?id=405.

  297. 297.

    Art. 23 of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  298. 298.

    Art. 22 of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  299. 299.

    Art. 24 of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  300. 300.

    Art. 25(1) of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  301. 301.

    Art. 25(3) of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  302. 302.

    Art. 27 of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  303. 303.

    Art. 31(1),(3) of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  304. 304.

    Art. 31(2) of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  305. 305.

    Art. 26(1) of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  306. 306.

    Art. 26(2),(3) of the 2002 SACU Agreement. The protection accorded to infant industries under the 2002 SACU agreement is to last for an eight year period unless “otherwise determined by the Council.”

  307. 307.

    SACU, Trade Facilitation: SACU-WCO Customs Development Programme, available at: http://www.sacu.int/tradef.php?id=472.

  308. 308.

    SACU, Trade Facilitation: SACU-WCO Customs Development Programme, available at: http://www.sacu.int/tradef.php?id=472.

  309. 309.

    SACU, Trade Facilitation: SACU-WCO Customs Development Programme, available at: http://www.sacu.int/tradef.php?id=472.

  310. 310.

    SACU, Trade Facilitation: SACU-WCO Customs Development Programme, available at: http://www.sacu.int/tradef.php?id=472.

  311. 311.

    WTO, Trade Policy Review, Report by the Secretariat: Southern African Customs Union, WT/TPR/S/222, 30 September 2009, para. 1, available at: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp322_e.htm.

  312. 312.

    WTO, Trade Policy Review, Report by the Secretariat: Southern African Customs Union, WT/TPR/S/222, 30 September 2009, para. 4, available at: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp322_e.htm.

  313. 313.

    WTO, Trade Policy Review, Report by the Secretariat: Southern African Customs Union, WT/TPR/S/222, 30 September 2009, para. 73, available at: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp322_e.htm.

  314. 314.

    WTO, Trade Policy Review, Report by the Secretariat: Southern African Customs Union, WT/TPR/S/222, 30 September 2009, para. 4, available at: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp322_e.htm.

  315. 315.

    WTO, Trade Policy Review, Report by the Secretariat: Southern African Customs Union, WT/TPR/S/222, 30 September 2009, para. 8, available at: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp322_e.htm.; see also Art. 31(3) of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  316. 316.

    Erasmus, Will SACU Have a Permanent Summit?, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 11 May 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/05/11/will-sacu-have-a-permanent-summit/.

  317. 317.

    Erasmus, Will SACU Have a Permanent Summit?, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 11 May 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/05/11/will-sacu-have-a-permanent-summit/.

  318. 318.

    Heita, SACU Advocates Win-Win Solution on EPA Negotiations, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 20 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/20/sacu-advocates-win-win-solution-on-epa-negotiations/.

  319. 319.

    Heita, SACU Advocates Win-Win Solution on EPA Negotiations, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 20 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/20/sacu-advocates-win-win-solution-on-epa-negotiations/.

  320. 320.

    Art. 8(2) of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  321. 321.

    Art. 14(1) of the 2002 SACU Agreement.

  322. 322.

    Mguni, Botswana Pioneers SACU Tariff Body, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 28 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/28/botswana-pioneers-sacu-tariff-body/.

  323. 323.

    Mguni, Botswana Pioneers SACU Tariff Body, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 28 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/28/botswana-pioneers-sacu-tariff-body/.

  324. 324.

    Mguni, Botswana Pioneers SACU Tariff Body, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 28 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/28/botswana-pioneers-sacu-tariff-body/.

  325. 325.

    Pressly, Disappointing SACU Talks Fail to Resolve Disunity over EU Deals, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 20 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/20/disappointing-sacu-talks-fail-to-resolve-disunity-over-eu-deals/.

  326. 326.

    Pressly, Disappointing SACU Talks Fail to Resolve Disunity over EU Deals, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 20 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/20/disappointing-sacu-talks-fail-to-resolve-disunity-over-eu-deals/, Beef is a key export item for both countries.

  327. 327.

    Pressly, Disappointing SACU Talks Fail to Resolve Disunity over EU Deals, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 20 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/20/disappointing-sacu-talks-fail-to-resolve-disunity-over-eu-deals/.

  328. 328.

    Pressly, Disappointing SACU Talks Fail to Resolve Disunity over EU Deals, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 20 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/20/disappointing-sacu-talks-fail-to-resolve-disunity-over-eu-deals/.

  329. 329.

    Heita, SACU Advocates Win-Win Solution on EPA Negotiations, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 20 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/20/sacu-advocates-win-win-solution-on-epa-negotiations/.

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    Cohen, Southern African Leaders Hold Summit to Rescue 100-Year-Old Customs Union, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 15 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/15/southern-africa-leaders-hold-summit-to-rescue-100-year-old-customs-union/.

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    Cropley, Southern Africa Grasps Trade Subsidy Nettle, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 19 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/19/southern-africa-grasps-trade-subsidy-nettle/.

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    Cropley, Southern Africa Grasps Trade Subsidy Nettle, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 19 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/19/southern-africa-grasps-trade-subsidy-nettle/.

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    Cropley, Southern Africa Grasps Trade Subsidy Nettle, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 19 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/19/southern-africa-grasps-trade-subsidy-nettle/.

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    Erasmus, Will SACU Have a Permanent Summit?, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 11 May 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/05/11/will-sacu-have-a-permanent-summit/; see also Cropley, Southern Africa Grasps Trade Subsidy Nettle, Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, 19 July 2010, available at: http://www.tralac.org/2010/07/19/southern-africa-grasps-trade-subsidy-nettle/.

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    Letter from the Permanent Representative of Sudan to the United Nation, Observer Status for the Community of Sahel-Saharan States in the General Assembly, A/56/191, Annex 1, p. 2, available at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/56/a56191.pdf.

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    Letter from the Permanent Representative of Sudan to the United Nation, Observer Status for the Community of Sahel-Saharan States in the General Assembly, A/56/191, Annex 1, p. 2, available at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/56/a56191.pdf.

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    Letter from the Permanent Representative of Sudan to the United Nation, Observer Status for the Community of Sahel-Saharan States in the General Assembly, A/56/191, Annex 1, p. 2, available at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/56/a56191.pdf.

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    Letter from the Permanent Representative of Sudan to the United Nation, Observer Status for the Community of Sahel-Saharan States in the General Assembly, A/56/191, Annex 1, p. 3, available at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/56/a56191.pdf.

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    Report of the Sixth Ordinary Meeting of the Executive Council, 22–23 August 2001, available at: http://www.uneca.org/CEN-SAD/reportofthe6thordinarysessionoftheEC.htm.

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    Report of the Sixth Ordinary Meeting of the Executive Council, 22–23 August 2001, available at: http://www.uneca.org/CEN-SAD/reportofthe6thordinarysessionoftheEC.htm.

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    CEN-SAD, Trade Sector, available at: http://www.cen-sad.org/new/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&lang=en&id=150.

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    CEN-SAD, Trade Sector, available at: http://www.cen-sad.org/new/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&lang=en&id=150.

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    CEN-SAD, Trade Sector, available at: http://www.cen-sad.org/new/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&lang=en&id=150.

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    UN Economic Commission for Africa/African Union, Assessing Regional Integration in Africa, Part II, 2008, p. 59, available at: http://www.foresightfordevelopment.org/sobi2/Resources/Assessing-Regional-Integration-in-Africa-II-Rationalizing-Regional-Economic-Communities.

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    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, pp. 87 et seq., available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf.

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    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 87, para. 307, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf. The five countries involved in the first phase were Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan.

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    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 87, para. 307, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf.

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    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 93, para. 334, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf.

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    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 90, para. 320, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf.

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    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 90, para. 320, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf.

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    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 90, para. 320, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf.

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    African Union, Status of Integration in Africa, p. 94, para. 334, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2009/mai/ea/07-08mai/status%20of%20integration%20in%20africa%2027-04-09.pdf.

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    African Union, Economic Community of Central African States: Profile, p. 2, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/Recs/ECCASoverview.pdf.

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    African Union, Economic Community of Central African States: Profile, p. 2, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/Recs/ECCASoverview.pdf.

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    African Union, Economic Community of Central African States: Profile, p. 1, available at: http://www.africa-union.org/Recs/ECCASoverview.pdf. Rwanda withdrew its membership in June 2007; Alusala, Is There Hope for ECCAS?, Institute for Security Studies, 19 October 2007, available at: http://www.iss.co.za/pgcontent.php?UID=27157.

  377. 377.

    Art. 4(1) of the Treaty Establishing ECCAS.

  378. 378.

    Art. 6(1) ECCAS Treaty.

  379. 379.

    Art. 6(2) ECCAS Treaty.

  380. 380.

    Art. 28(1) ECCAS Treaty.

  381. 381.

    Art. 28(1) ECCAS Treaty.

  382. 382.

    Art. 29(2) ECCAS Treaty.

  383. 383.

    Art. 29(1) ECCAS Treaty.

  384. 384.

    Art. 31(1) ECCAS Treaty.

  385. 385.

    Art. 33(1) ECCAS Treaty.

  386. 386.

    Art. 29(3) ECCAS Treaty.

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    U.N. Economic Commission for Africa, Assessing Regional Integration in Africa, Part IV, p. 14, available at: http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/Publications/books/aria4/ARIA4Full.pdf.

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    Alusala, Is There Hope for ECCAS?, Institute for Security Studies, 19 October 2007, available at: http://www.iss.co.za/pgcontent.php?UID=27157. However, COPAX did not enter into force until 2004.

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    Alusala, Is There Hope for ECCAS?, Institute for Security Studies, 19 October 2007, available at: http://www.iss.co.za/pgcontent.php?UID=27157.

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  1. Loyola University Chicago School of Law, 25 East Pearson Street, Chicago, IL, 60661, USA

    James T. Gathii

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  1. European Law, European and, University of Passau Chair for Constitutional and Administrat, Passau, Germany

    Christoph Herrmann

  2. Chair for Public Law, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Markus Krajewski

  3. Chair for Public Law, European and, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany

    Jörg Philipp Terhechte

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Gathii, J.T. (2013). The Status of African Regional Trade Agreements. In: Herrmann, C., Krajewski, M., Terhechte, J. (eds) European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2013. European Yearbook of International Economic Law, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33917-2_12

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