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The Human Hippocampus pp 5–38Cite as

Structure, Functions, and Connections

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Abstract

The hippocampus bulges into the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, and its general appearance does indeed resemble a sea horse. It is arched around the mesencephalon and divided into three segments:

  • A body, or middle segment, which is sagittally oriented

  • A head, or anterior segment, which is transversely oriented and which shows elevations, the digitationes hippocampi

  • A tail, or posterior segment, which is also oriented transversely and which narrows, disappearing beneath the splenium

The hippocampus is bilaminar, consisting of the cornu Ammonis (or hippocampus proper) and the gyrus dentatus, with one lamina rolled up inside the other. The hippocampal sulcus remains visible as the vestigial hippocampal sulcus separating the cornu Ammonis and the gyrus dentatus. The cornu Ammonis and the gyrus dentatus are the simplest part of the cortex, the allocortex, as compared with the more complex isocortex.

The cornu Ammonis may be divided into six layers: the alveus, stratum oriens, stratum pyramidale, stratum radiatum, stratum lacunosum, and stratum moleculare.

In structure, the gyrus dentatus is simpler than the cornu Ammonis. The three layers of the allocortex are plainly visible, that is, the strata moleculare and granulosum and the polymorphic layer.

Our knowledge of the functions and connections of the hippocampus is based on an abundant body of work found in the literature. The possible functions of the hippocampus are divided into four categories: (1) learning and memory, (2) regulation of emotional behavior, (3) certain aspect of motor control, and (4) regulation of hypothalamic functions.

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  1. Chemin des Relançons, Besançon, France

    Henri Duvernoy

  2. Hôpital Universitaire Jean Minjoz Centre Hospitalier Régional, Besançon, France

    Françoise Cattin

  3. Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France

    Pierre-Yves Risold

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Duvernoy, H., Cattin, F., Risold, PY. (2013). Structure, Functions, and Connections. In: The Human Hippocampus. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33603-4_3

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