Abstract
In the past 90 years, more than 80 % of the glaciers on Mt. Kilimanjaro in northern Tanzania have vanished due to climate warming.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Unlike weather, climate data are not always available, especially in developing countries. The difference between weather and climate is a measure of time. Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time, and climate is how the atmosphere "behaves" over relatively long periods of time. The present chapter uses cross sectional data to establish the relationship between weather and crop revenue. This information is later used to make inferences about the impact of climate change on food security using weather to simulate climate change.
- 2.
At the time of the survey, $1 = 1,300 TZ Shillings.
References
Boer GJ, Flato GM, Reader MC, Ramsden D (2000) Transient climate change simulation with greenhouse gases and aerosol forcing: projected climate to the twenty-first century. Clim Dyn 165:427–450
Cline W (1996) The impact of global warming on agriculture: comment. Am Econ Rev 86:1309–1311
Emori S, Nozawa T, Abe-Ouchi A, Numaguti A, Kimoto M, Nakajima T (1999) Coupled ocean-atmosphere model experiments of future climate change with an explicit representation of sulfate aerosol scattering. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 77:1299–1307
Fernandes EC, Oktingati A, Maghembe J (1985) The Chagga homegardens: a multistoried agroforestry cropping system in Mt. Kilimanjaro (Northern Tanzania). Agrofor Sys 2:73–86
Haywood JM, Stouffer RJ, Wetherald R, Manabe S, Ramaswamy V (1997) Transient response of a coupled model to estimated changes in greenhouse Gas and sulphate concentrations. Geophys Res Lett 24:1335–1338
Hirst AC, O’Farrell SP, Gordon HB (2000) Comparison of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model with and without oceanic Eddy-induced advection. 1. Ocean spin-up and control integrations. J Clim 13:139–163
Hulme M, Doherty R, Ngara T, New M, Lister D (2001) African climate change: 1900–2100. Clim Res 17:145–168
Kaser G, Douglas RH, Thomas ML, Raymond SB, Tharsis MH (2004) Modern glacier retreat on Kilimanjaro as evidence of climate change: observations and facts. Int J Climatol 24:329–339
Kraybill D (2009) Kilimanjaro livelihood and climate survey. Website at http://digitalunion.osu.edu/R2/summer09/yoon/
Kurukulasuriya P, Mendelsohn R (2006) Modeling endogenous irrigation: the impact of climate change on farmers in Africa. Center for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA) Discussion Paper No. 8. Special Series on Climate Change and Agriculture in Africa
Meehl GA, Washington WM (1995) Cloud Albedo feedback and the super-greenhouse effect in a global complex GCM. Clim Dyn 11:399–411
Mendelsohn R, Seo SN (2007) An integrated farm model of crops and livestock: Modeling Latin American agricultural impacts and adaptations to climate change. World Bank Policy Research Series Working Paper 4161. World Bank, Washington DC., USA, 41 p
Mendelsohn R, Nordhaus W, Shaw D (1994) The impact of global warming on agriculture: a Ricardian analysis. Am Econ Rev 84:753–771
Mitchell JFB, Johns TC (1997) On the modification of global warming by sulphate aerosols. J Clim 10:245–267
Parry M, Rosenzweig C, Iglesias A, Fischer G, Livermore M (1999) Climate change and world food security: a new assessment. Glob Environ Chang 9(1):S51–S56
Roeckner E, Arpe K, Bengtsson L, Christoph M, Claussen M, Dümenil L, Esch M, Giorgetta M, Schlese U, Schulzweida U (1996) The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM-4: model description and simulation of present day climate. Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Report No. 218, Hamburg
Roston R (2003) Modeling the economic impact of climate change. Working paper series N. 9, Ecological and Environmental Economics Program University of Venice, Italy
Schenkler W, Hanemann M, Fisher A (2005) Will U.S. agriculture really benefit from global warming? Accounting for irrigation in the hedonic approach. Am Econ Rev 95:395–406
Shonkwiler JS, Yen ST (1999) Two-step estimation of a censored system of equations. Am J Agric Econ 81(1999):973
Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA) (2004) Kilimanjaro: land, people, and history. African Publishing Group International, Harare
Thompson LG, Mosley-Thompson E, Davis ME, Henderson KA, Brecher HH, Zagorodnov VS, Mashiotta TA, Lin P-N, Mikhalenko VN, Hardy DR, Beer J (2002) Kilimanjaro ice core records: evidence of holocene climate change in Tropical Africa. Science 298:589–593
United Republic of Tanzania (URT), Planning Commission (1998) Kilimanjaro region socio-economic profile. Government Printers, Dar es Salaam
United Republic of Tanzania (URT), Planning Commission (2002) Kilimanjaro region socio-economic profile. Government Printers, Dar es Salaam
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mulangu, F., Kraybill, D. (2013). Climate Change and the Future of Mountain Farming on Mt. Kilimanjaro. In: Mann, S. (eds) The Future of Mountain Agriculture. Springer Geography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33584-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33584-6_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-33583-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-33584-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)