Abstract
This paper presents a first-order representation to formalize cartographic constraints for automated quality evaluation of multi-scale data. Formalizing constraints for cartographic applications is a challenging task. It requires precise definition of entities, spatial and semantic relationships for individuals, groups and classes of objects, and their (intra-/inter-scale) relationships. Also constraints defining the visual presentation of the same entities can be different depending on the scale and context. This paper categorizes and formalizes different types of information needed for the quality evaluation, based on which cartographic constraints are formalized. The formalism is demonstrated by applying it to group features such as networks and alignments, and finally to constraints of different levels of complexity. We show the potential of the proposed formalism and discuss possibilities for further development.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Ai T, Shuai Y, Li J (2008) The shape cognition and query supported by Fourier transform. In: Ruas A, Gold C, Cartwright W, Gartner G, Meng L, Peterson MP (eds) Headway in spatial data handling, LNGC, pp 39–54
Bejaoui L, Pinet F, Schneider M, Bédard Y (2010) OCL for formal modelling of topological constraints involving regions with broad boundaries. GeoInformatica 14(3):353–378
Bittner T, Donnelly M, Smith B (2004) Individuals, universals, collections: on the foundational relations of ontology. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on formal ontology in information systems, pp 37–48
Bobzien M, Burghardt D, Petzold I, Neun M, Weibel R (2008) Multi-representation databases with explicitly modeled horizontal, vertical, and update relations. Cartogr Geogr Inf Sci 35(1):3–16
Burghardt D, Schmidt S, Stoter J (2007) Investigations on cartographic constraint formalisation. In: 10th ICA workshop of ICA commission on generalisation and multiple representation, Moscow
Christophe S, Ruas A (2002) Detecting building alignments for generalisation purposes. In: Richardson DE, Van Oosterom P (eds) Advances in spatial data handling. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 419–432
Friis-Christensen A, Jensen CS, Nytun JP, Skogan D (2005) A conceptual schema language for the management of multiple representations of geographic entities. Trans GIS 9(3):345–380
Mark DM, Skupin A, Smith B (2001) Features, objects, and other things: ontological distinctions in the geographic domain. In: Montello DR (ed) Spatial information theory: foundations of geographic information science. LNCS, pp 488–502
Mustière S, Moulin B (2002) What is spatial context in cartographic generalisation? In: Symposium on geospatial theory, processing and applications, volume 34-B4, pp 274–278
Ruas A (2000) The roles of meso objects for generalization. In: Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on spatial data handling, pp 3B50–3B63
Stoter J, Burghardt D, Duchêne C, Baella B, Bakker N, Blok C, Pla M, Regnauld N, Touya G, Schmid S (2009) Methodology for evaluating automated map generalization in commercial software. Comput Environ Urban Syst 33(5):311–324
Stoter J, Visser T, van Oosterom P, Quak W, Bakker N (2011) A semantic-rich multi-scale information model for topography. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 25(5):739–763
Touya G, Duchêne C, and Ruas A (2010) Collaborative generalisation: formalisation of generalisation knowledge to orchestrate different cartographic generalisation processes. In: Fabrikant S, Reichenbacher T, van Kreveld M, Schlieder C (eds) Geographic information science. LNCS, pp 264–278
van Smaalen J (2003) Automated aggregation of geographic objects: a new approach to the conceptual generalisation of geographic databases. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen
Warmer J, Kleppe A (2003) The object constraint language: getting your models ready for MDA, 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston
Weibel R, Dutton G (1998) Constraint-based automated map generalization. In: Proceedings 8th international symposium on spatial data handling, pp 214–224
Worboys MF (2001) Nearness relations in environmental space. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 15(7):633–651
Zhang X (2012) Automated evaluation of generalized topographic maps. PhD thesis, Twente University, Enschede
Zhang X, Stoter J, Ai T (2008) Formalization and automatic interpretation of map requirements. In: 11th ICA workshop of ICA commission on generalisation and multiple representation, Montpellier
Zhang X, Ai T, Stoter J, Kraak MJ, Molenaar M (2013) Building pattern recognition in topographic data: examples on collinear and curvilinear alignments. GeoInformatica 17(1):1–33
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Plan of China (No. 2012AA12A404). We thank the anonymous reviewers for their remarks that improved the quality of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhang, X., Ai, T., Stoter, J., Li, J. (2014). Towards Cartographic Constraint Formalization for Quality Evaluation. In: Buchroithner, M., Prechtel, N., Burghardt, D. (eds) Cartography from Pole to Pole. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32618-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32618-9_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-32617-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-32618-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)