Abstract
This paper presents a silhouette-based technique for automated, dynamic label placement for objects of 2D and 3D maps. The technique uses visibility detection and analysis to localise unobstructed areas and sihouettes of labeled objects in the viewplane. For each labeled object, visible silhouette points are computed and approximated as a 2D polygon; the associated label is finally rotated and placed along an edge of the polygon in a way that sufficient text legibility is maintained. The technique reduces occlusions of geospatial information and map elements caused by labels, while labels are placed close to labeled objects to avoid time-consuming matching between legend and map view. It ensures full text legibility and unambiguity of label assignments by using actually visible 2D silhouette of objects for label placement. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach by examples of 3D map label placement.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
We tested on the following hardware: Intel Xeon CPU 2 × 2.6 GHz, NVIDIA GeForce GTX 480.
References
Abdi H, Williams L (2010) Principal component analysis. Comput Stat 2(4):433–459
Beauchemin SS, Barron JL (1995) The computation of optical flow. ACM Comput Surv 27(3):433–466
Bekos MA, Kaufmann M, Nöllenburg M, Symvonis A (2010) Boundary labeling with octilinear leaders. Algorithmica 57(3):436–461 (Scandinavian Workshop on Algorithm Theory)
Christensen J, Marks J, Shieber S (1994) An empirical study of algorithms for point feature label placement. ACM Trans Graph 14(3):203–232
Freeman H, Ahn J (1984) AUTONAP—an expert system for automatic map name placement. In: Internaional symposium on spatial data handling, pp 544–569
Imhof E (1985) Positioning names on maps. Cartogr Geogr Inf Sci 2:128–144
Jain AK, Murty MN, Flynn PJ (1999) Data clustering: a review. ACM Comput Surv 31(3):264–323
Kern J, Brewer C (2008) Automation and the map label placement problem: a comparison of two GIS implementations of label placement. Cartogr Perspect 60:22–45
Kopetz H (1993) Should responsive systems be event-triggered or time-triggered? Inst Electron Inf Commun Eng E76-D:1325–1332
Lehmann C, Döllner J (2012) Automated image-based label placement in interactive 2D/2.5D/3D maps. In: Symposium on service-oriented mapping
Maaß S, Döllner J (2006) Dynamic annotation of interactive environments using object-integrated billboards. In: 14th international conference on computer graphics, visualization and computer vision, pp 327–334
Maaß S, Döllner J (2006) Efficient view management for dynamic annotation placement in virtual landscapes. In 6th international symposium on smart graphics 2006, vol 4073. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 1–12
Maaß S, Döllner J (2007) Embedded labels for line features in interactive 3D virtual environments. In: AFRIGRAPH ‘07: proceedings of the 5th international conference on computer graphics, virtual reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa, pp 53–59
Mote, K. (2007). Fast point-feature label placement for dynamic visualizations. Inf Vis 6:249–260 (Data Structures and Algorithms)
Raskin J (2000) The humane interface: new directions for designing interactive systems. ACM Press, New York
Rost RJ (2006) OpenGL(R) shading language, 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley Professional, Boston
Stein T, Décoret X (2008) Dynamic label placement for improved interactive exploration. In: NPAR (symposium on non-photorealistic animation and rendering), pp 15–21
Telea A, van Wijk JJ (2002) An augmented fast marching method for computing skeletons and centerlines. In: Symposium on data visualisation
Vaaraniemi M, Treib M, Westermann R (2012) Temporally coherent real-time labeling of dynamic scenes. In: 3rd international conference on computing for geospatial research and applications. ACM, pp 17:1–17:10
Wagner F, Wolff A, Kapoor V, Strijk T (2001) Three rules suffice for good label placement. Algorithm Special Issue GIS 2000:334–349
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lehmann, C., Döllner, J. (2014). Silhouette-Based Label Placement in Interactive 3D Maps. In: Buchroithner, M., Prechtel, N., Burghardt, D. (eds) Cartography from Pole to Pole. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32618-9_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32618-9_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-32617-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-32618-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)