Abstract
In this chapter, we brief review a recent progress in chemical synthesis used to prepare very promise material to be applied as photoanode in a PEC cell. We discuss the important parameters such as; the interface solid/liquid showing the different challenge that needs to be addressed for obtains higher semiconductor photoanode performance. In addition, we discuss the impact of a variety of morphology applied in a PEC cell to split water and generate hydrogen and oxygen molecular. Finally, we have pointed out the progress of molecular oxygen evolution mechanism from water oxidation under solar light irradiation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Fujishima A, Honda K (1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238:37
Park JH, Kim S, Bard AJ (2006) Novel carbon-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays with high aspect ratios for efficient solar water splitting. Nano Lett 6:24–28
Matsuoka M, Kitano M, Takeuchi M, Tsujimaru K, Anpo M, Thomas JM (2007) Photocatalysis for new energy production. Catal Today 122:51–61
Mor KG, Prakasam HE, Varghese OK, Shankar K, Grimes CA (2007) Vertically oriented Ti-Fe-O nanotube array films: towards a useful material architecture for solar spectrum water photolysis. Nano Lett 7(8):2356–2364
Murphy AB, Barnes PRF, Randeniya LK, Plumb IC, Grey IE, Horne MD, Glasscock JA (2006) Efficiency of solar water splitting using semiconductor electrodes. Int J Hydrogen Energy 31:1999–2017
Duret A, Gratzel M (2005) Visible light-induced water oxidation on mesoscopic α-Fe2O3 films made by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. J Phys Chem B 109:17184–17191
Cesar I, Kay A, Gonzalez Martinez JA, Gratzel M (2006) Translucent thin film Fe2O3 photoanodes for efficient water splitting by sunlight: nanostructure-directing effect of si-doping. J Am Chem Soc 128(14):4582–4583
Kay A, Cesar I, Gratzel M (2006) New benchmark for water photooxidation by nanostructured α-Fe2O3 films. J Am Chem Soc 128(49):15714–15721
Glasscock JA, Barnes PRF, Plumb IC, Savvides N (2007) Enhancement of photoelectrochemical hydrogen production from hematite thin films by the introduction of Ti and Si. J Phys Chem C 111:16477–16488
Dare-Edwards MP, Goodnough JP, Hamnett A, Trevellick PR (1983) Electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry of iron(III) oxide. J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 79:2027–2041
Kennedy JH, Frese KW Jr (1978) Photooxidation of water at α-Fe2O3 electrodes. J Electrochem Soc 125(5):709–714
van de Krol R, Liang Y, Schoonman J (2008) Solar hydrogen production with nanostructured metal oxides. J Mater Chem 18:2311–2320
Tilley SD, Cornuz M, Sivula K, Gratzel M (2010) Light-induced water splitting with hematite: improved nanostructure and iridium oxide catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:6405–6408
Hu YS, Kleiman-Shwarsctein A, Forman AJ, Hazen D, Park J-N, McFarland EW (2008) Pt-doped alpha- Fe2O3 thin films active for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem Mater 20:3803–3805
Sartoretti CJ, Alexander BD, Solarska R, Rutkowska IA, Augustynski J (2005) Photoelectrochemical oxidation of water at transparent ferric oxide film electrodes. J Phys Chem B 109:13685–13692
Zhong DK, Sun J, Inumaru H, Gamelin DR (2009) Solar water oxidation by composite catalyst/α-Fe2O3 photoanodes. J Am Chem Soc 131:6086–6087
Kanan MW, Nocera DG (2008) In situ formation of an oxygen-evolving catalyst in neutral water containing phosphate and Co2+. Science 321:1072–1075
Steinmiller EMP, Choi K-S (2009) Photochemical deposition of cobalt-based oxygen evolving catalyst on a semiconductor photoanode for solar oxygen production. PNAS 106(49):20633–20636
Shiroishi H, Nukaga M, Yamashita S, Kaneko M (2002) Efficient photochemical water oxidation by a molecular catalyst immobilized onto metal oxides. Chem Lett 31:488–489
Bjorkstbn U, Moser J, Gratzel M (1994) Photoelectrochemical studies on nanocrystalline hematite films. Chem Mater 6:858–863
Ahrned SM, Leduc J, Haller SF (1988) Photoelectrochemical and impedance characteristics of specular hematite. 1. photoelectrochemical parallel conductance, and trap rate studies. J Phys Chem B 92:6655–6660
Bouquet V, Bernardi MIB, Zanetti SM, Leite ER, Longo E, Varela JA, Viry MG, Perrin A (2000) Epitaxially grown LiNbO3 thin films by polymeric precursor method. J Mater Res 15:2446–2453
Pontes FM, Leite ER, Mambrini GP, Escote MT, Longo E, Varela JÁ (2004) Very large dielectric constant of highly oriented Pb1-xBaxTiO3 thin films prepared by chemical deposition. Appl Phys Lett 84(2):248–250
Mambrini GP, Leite ER, Escote MT, Chiquito AJ, Longo E, Varela JA, Jardim RF (2007) Structural, microstructural, and transport properties of highly oriented LaNiO3 thin films deposited on SrTiO3 (100) single crystal. J Appl Phys 102:043708
Souza FL, Lopes KP, Longo E, Leite ER (2009) The influence of the film thickness of nanostructured alpha-Fe(2)O(3) on water photooxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11:1215–1219
Souza FL, Lopes KP, Longo E, Leite ER (2009) Nanostructured hematite thin film produced by spin-coating deposition solution: application in water splitting. Sol Energ Mat Sol Cells 93:362–368
Sivula K, Zboril R, Formal F, Robert R, Weidenkaff A, Tucek J, Frydrych J, Gratzel M (2010) Photoelectrochemical water splitting with mesoporous hematite prepared by a solution-based colloidal approach. J Am Chem Soc 132:7436–7444
Gonçalves RH, Lima BHR, Leite ER (2011) Magnetite colloidal nanocrystals: a facile pathway to prepare mesoporous hematite thin films for photoelectrochemical water splitting. J Am Chem Soc 133:6012–6019
Trasatti S (1980) Electrocatalysis by oxides—Attempt at a unifying approach. J Electroanal Chem 111:125–131
Walter MG, Warren EL, McKone JR, Boettcher SW, Mi Q, Santori EA, Lewis NS (2010) Solar water splitting cells. Chem Rev 110:6446–6473
Yanina SV, Rosso KM (2008) Linked reactivity at mineral-water interfaces through bulk crystal conduction. Science 320:218–222
Kronawitter CX, Vayssieres L, Shen S, Guo L, Wheeler DA, Zhang JZ, Antoun BR, Mao SS (2011) A perspective on solar-driven water splitting with all-oxide hetero-nanostructures. Energy Environ Sci 4:4889
Morrish R, Rahman M, Don MacElroy JM, Wolden CA (2011) Activation of hematite nanorod arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem Sus Chem 4:474–479
Ling Y, Wang G, Reddy J, Wang C, Zhang JZ, Li Y (2012) The influence of oxygen content on the thermal activation of hematite nanowires. Angew Chem 51:1–7
Carvalho VAN, Luz RAS, Lima BH, Crespilho FN, Leite ER, Souza FL (2012) Highly oriented hematite nanorods arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. J Power Sources 205:525–529
Vayssieres L, Beermann N, Lindquist SE, Hagfeldt A (2001) Controlled aqueous chemical growth of oriented three-dimensional crystalline nanorod arrays: application to iron (III) oxides. Chem Mater 13(2):233–235
Beermann N, Vayssieres L, Lindquist SE, Hagfeldt A (2000) Photoelectrochemical studies of oriented nanorod thin films of hematite. J Electrochem Soc 147(7):2456–2461
Lindgren T, Wang H, Beermann N, Vayssieres L, Lindquist SE, Hagfeldt A (2002) Aqueous photoelectrochemistry of hematite nanorod-array Sol. Energy Mat Solar Cells 71(12):231–243
Cornuz M, Graetzel M, Sivula K (2010) Preferential orientation in hematite films for solar hydrogen production via water splitting. Chem Vap Deposition 16:291–295
Cherepy NJ, Liston DB, Lovejoy JA, Deng HM, Zhang JZ (1998) Ultrafast studies of photoexcited electron dynamics in γ- and α-Fe2O3 semiconductor nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 102(5):770–776
Sivula K, Formal FL, Gratzel M (2009) WO3—Fe2O3 photoanodes for water splitting: a host scaffold guest absorber approach. Chem Mater 21(13):2862–2867
Cesar IK, Sivula K, Kay A, Zboril R, Gratzel M (2008) Influence of feature size, film thickness, and silicon doping on the performance of nanostructured hematite photoanodes for solar water splitting. The J Phys Chem C 113(2):772–782
Kharisov BI, Kharissova OV, Yacaman MJ (2010) Nanostructures with animal-like shapes. Ind Eng Chem Res 49(18):8289–8309
Sun J, Zhong DK, Gamelin DR (2010) Composite photoanodes for photoelectrochemical solar water splitting. Energy Environ Sci 3(9):1252–1261
Andrade L, Cruz R, Ribeiro HA, Mendes A (2010) Impedance characterization of dye-sensitized solar cells in a tandem arrangement for hydrogen production by water splitting. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35(17):8876–8883
Frydrych J, Machala L, Hermanek M, Medrik I, Mashlan M, Tucek J, Pechousek J et al (2010) A nanocrystalline hematite film prepared from iron (III) chloride precursor. Thin Solid Films 518(21):5916–5991
Hahn NT, Ye H, Flaherty DW, Bard AJ, Mullins CB (2010) Reactive ballistic deposition of α-Fe2O3 thin films for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. ACSNANO 4(4):1977–1986
Li Y, Zhang JZ (2009) Hydrogen generation from photoelectrochemical water splitting based on nanomaterials. Laser Photonics Rev 4(4):517–528
Tahir AA, Upul Wijayantha KG, Yarahmadi SS, Mazhar M, McKee V (2009) Nanostructured α-Fe2O3 thin films for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation. Chem Mater 21(16):3763–3772
Formal FL, Tétreault N, Cornuz M, Moehl T, Gratzel M, Sivula K (2011) Passivating surface states on water splitting hematite photoanodes with alumina overlayers. Chem Sci 2(4):737–743
Klahr BM, Hamann TW (2011) Current and voltage limiting processes in thin film hematite electrodes. The J Phys Chem C 115(16):8393–8399
McDonald KJ, Choi KS (2011) Photodeposition of Co-based oxygen evolution catalysts on α-Fe2O3 photoanodes. Chem Mater 23(7):1686–1693
Spray RL, McDonald KJ, Choi KS (2011) Enhancing photoresponse of nanoparticulate α-Fe2O3 electrodes by surface composition tuning. The J Phys Chem C 115(8):3497–3506
Lin Y, Zhou S, Sheehan SW, Wang D (2011) Nanonet-based hematite heteronanostructures for efficient solar water splitting. J Am Chem Soc 133(8):2398–2401
Sivula K, Formal FL, Gratzel M (2011) Solar water splitting: progress using hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoelectrodes. Chem Sus Chem 4(4):432–449
Pendlebury SR, Barroso M, Cowan AJ, Sivula K, Tang J, Gratzel M et al (2011) Dynamics of photogenerated holes in nanocrystalline α-Fe2O3 electrodes for water oxidation probed by transient absorption spectroscopy. Chem Commun 47(2):716–718
Wijayantha KGU, Yarahmadi SS, Peter LM (2011) Kinetics of oxygen evolution α-Fe2O3 photoanodes: a study by photoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13(12):5264–5270
Zhong DK, Cornuz M, Sivula K, Grätzel M, Gamelin DR (2011) Photo-assisted electrodeposition of cobalt-phosphate (Co-Pi) catalyst on hematite photoanodes for solar water oxidation. Energy Environ Sci 4(5):1759–1764
Dotan H, Sivula K, Gratzel M, Rothschild A, Warren SC (2011) Probing the photoelectrochemical properties of hematite (α-Fe2O3) electrodes using hydrogen peroxide as a hole scavenge. Energy Environ Sci 4(3):958–964
Chen J, Xu L, Li W, Gou X (2005) α-Fe2O3 nanotubes in gas sensor and lithium-ion battery applications. Adv Mater 17:582–586
Itoh K, Bockris JO (1984) Thin film photoelectrochemistry: iron oxide. J Electrochem Soc 131(6):1266–1271
Alencar WS, Crespilho FN, Zucolotto V, Oliveira ON Jr, Silva WC (2007) Influence of film architecture on the charge-transfer reactions of metallophthalocyanine layer-by-layer films. The J Phys Chem C 111(34):12817–12821
Crespilho FN, Ghica ME, Caridade CG, Oliveira ON Jr, Brett C (2008) Enzyme immobilisation on electroactive nanostructured membranes (ENM): optimised architectures for biosensing. Talanta 76(4):922–928
Brett CMA, Brett AMO (1993) Electrochemistry Principles, Methods and Applications. Oxford University Press, New York
Moser J, Gratzel M (1982) Photoelectrochemistry with colloidal semiconductors; laser studies of halide oxidation in colloidal dispersions of TiO2 and α- Fe2O3. Helv Chim Acta 65(5):1436–1444
Gardner RFG, Sweett F, Tanner DW (1963) The electrical propertie of alpha ferric oxide—II. Ferric oxide of high purity. J Phys Chem Solids 24:1183–1196
Drissi SH, Abdelmoula RM, Génin JMR (1995) The preparation and thermodynamic properties of Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxide-carbonate (green rust 1); Pourbaix diagram of iron in carbonate-containing aqueous media. Corros Sci 37(12):2025–2041
Berverskog B, Puigdomenech I (1996) Revised pourbaix diagrams for iron at 25–300 °C. Corros Sci 38(12):2121–2135
Kavan L, Kratochvilova K, Gratzel M (1995) Study of nanocrystalline TiO2 (anatase) electrode in the accumulation regime. J Electroanal Chem 394(12):93–102
Boschloo G, Fitzmaurice D (1999) Spectroelectrochemical investigation of surface states in nanostructured TiO2 electrodes. J Phys Chem B 103(12):2228–2231
Wang H, Boschloo JHG, Lindstrom H, Hagfeldt A, Lindquist SE (2001) Electrochemical investigation of traps in a nanostructured TiO2 film. J Phys Chem B 105(13):2529–2533
Fabregat-Santiago F, Mora-Seró I, Garcia-Belmonte G, Bisquert J (2003) Cyclic voltammetry studies of nanoporous semiconductors. Capacitive and reactive properties of nanocrystalline TiO2 electrodes in aqueous electrolyte. J Phys Chem B 107(3):758–768
Bisquert J (2003) Chemical capacitance of nanostructured semiconductors: its origin and significance for nanocomposite solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 5(24):5360–5364
Randriamahazaka H, Fabregat-Santiago F, Zaban A, García-Cañadas J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Bisquert J (2006) Chemical capacitance of nanoporous-nanocrystalline TiO2 in a room temperature ionic liquid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 8(15):1827–1833
Tirosh S, Dittrich T, Ofir A, Grinis L, Zaban A (2006) Influence of ordering in porous TiO2 layers on electron diffusion. J Phys Chem B 110(33):16165–16168
Mor GK, Varghese OK, Paulose M, Shankar K, Grimes CA (2006) A review on highly ordered, vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays: fabrication, material properties, and solar energy applications. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 90(14):2011–2075
Law M, Greene LE, Radenovic A, Kuykendall T, Liphardt J, Yang P (2006) ZnO-Al2O3 and ZnO-TiO2 core-shell nanowire dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem B 110(45):22652–22663
Mora-Seró I, Fabregat-Santiago F, Denier B, Bisquert J, Tena-Zaera R, Elias J et al (2006) Determination of carrier density of ZnO nanowires by electrochemical techniques. Appl Phys Lett 89(20):203117–203119
Bisquert J (2008) Physical electrochemistry of nanostructured devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 10(1):49–72
Bisquert J, Fabregat-Santiago F, Mora-Seró I, Garcia-Belmonte G, Barea EM, Palomares E (2008) A review of recent results on electrochemical determination of the density of electronic states of nanostructured metal-oxide semiconductors and organic hole conductors. Inorg Chim Acta 361(3):684–698
Bisquert J (2011) A variable series resistance mechanism to explain the negative capacitance observed in impedance spectroscopy measurements of nanostructured solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13(10):4679–4685
Bisquert J, Zabn Z (2003) The trap-limited diffusivity of electrons in nanoporous semiconductor networks permeated with a conductive phase. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 77(3):507–514
Leng WH, Zhang Z, Zhang ZQ, Cao CN (2005) Investigation of the kinetics of a TiO2 photoelectrocatalytic reaction involving charge transfer and recombination through surface states by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 109(31):15008–15023
Levine S, Smith AL (1971) Theory of the differential capacity of the oxide/aqueous electrolyte interface. Discuss Faraday Soc 52:290–301
Healy TW, White LR (1978) Ionizable surface group models of aqueous interfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 9(4):303–345
Walter MG, Warren EL, McKone JR, Boettcher SW, Mi Q, Santori EA, Lewis NS (2010) Solar water splitting cells. Chem Rev 110(11):6446–6473
Cook TR, Dogutan DK, Reece SY, Surendranath Y, Teets TS, Nocera DG (2010) Solar energy supply and storage for the legacy and nonlegacy worlds. Chem Rev 110(11):6474–6502
Bockris JO, Huq A (1956) The mechanism of the electrolytic evolution of oxygen on platinum. Proc Royal Soc London A 237:277–296
Zhong DK, Gamelin DR (2010) Photoelectrochemical water oxidation by cobalt catalyst (“Co-Pi”) α-Fe2O3 composite photoanodes: oxygen evolution and resolution of a kinetic bottleneck. J Am Chem Soc 132(12):4202–4207
Lutterman DA, Surendranath Y, Nocera DG (2009) A self-healing oxygen-evolving catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 131(11):3838–3839
Trasatti S (1994) In: Lipkowski J, Ross PN (eds) The electrochemistry of novel materials.VCH Publishers, New York
Wohlfahrt-Mehrens M, Heitbaum J (1987) Oxygen evolution on Ru and RuO2 electrodes studied using isotope labelling and on-line mass spectrometry. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem 237(2):251–260
Willsau J, Wolter O, Heitbaum J (1985) Does the oxide layer take part in the oxygen evolution reaction on platinum? A DEMS study J Electroanal Chem 195(2):299–306
Hibbert DB, Churchill CR (1984) Kinetics of the electrochemical evolution of isotopically enriched gases. Part 2-18O16O evolution on NiCO2O4 and LixCo3-xO4 in alkaline solution. J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 1 Phys Chem Condens Phases 80(7):1965–1971
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Brazilian agencies of FAPESP (Grant No. 2010/02464-6), CAPES, CNPq (555855/2010-4), Instituto Nacional em Eletrônica Orgânica (INEO), NanoBioMed Brazilian Network (CAPES) and INCTMN.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
de Souza, F.L., Xavier, A.M., de Carvalho, W.M., Gonçalves, R.H., Leite, E.R. (2013). Facile Routes to Produce Hematite Film for Hydrogen Generation from Photoelectro-Chemical Water Splitting. In: de Souza, F., Leite, E. (eds) Nanoenergy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31736-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31736-1_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-31735-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-31736-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)