Abstract
Cosmic Rays (CRs) are energetic particles that continuously hit the top of the Earth atmosphere at the considerable rate of \({\sim }10^4\,{\rm m^{-2}\, s^{-1}}\). The exact composition depends on which part of the spectrum is considered, but we can say that approximately 86 % of these particles are protons, 11 % are alpha articles, 1 % consists of stable nuclei, up to Uranium, then 2 % are electrons and a non negligible fraction (about 1 %) consists of antiparticles (positrons and antiprotons).
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Notes
- 1.
Alfvén waves are travelling oscillations of ion density and magnetic field in a magnetized plasma. They are present in the ionized component of the interstellar medium.
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Gaggero, D. (2012). Introduction. In: Cosmic Ray Diffusion in the Galaxy and Diffuse Gamma Emission. Springer Theses. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29949-0_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29949-0_1
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