Skip to main content

Radio Active Waste

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Solid Waste Management

Part of the book series: Environmental Science and Engineering ((ENVSCIENCE))

  • 4474 Accesses

Abstract

Radioactive waste is the material that is contaminated with radionuclides at activities or concentrations higher than the clearance levels established by individual countries for which no use is anticipated. All activities that produce/use radioactive materials generate radioactive wastes which include mining, nuclear power plant, processes in industry, defense, medicine, and research. Radioactive waste is generated in gas, liquid or solid form. Radioactivity can remain for a few hours to thousands of years. Depending on the type of waste, the disposal facility needs to be contained for a very long time ensuring health and safety of the people and quality of environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahn J, Cheon M, Greenspan E (2007) Effects of accelerator-driven transmutation system on radiotoxicity of high-level radioactive wastes. Nucl Technol 158(3):408–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Amaral E, Brockman K, Forsström HG (2007) International perspectives on spent fuel management. In: IAEA, management of spent fuel from nuclear power reactors, at 18, IAEA doc. STI/PUB/1295 (July 31, 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bansal NK, Rastogi RC, Ali SS (1991) Design basis and construction features of shallow land storage and disposal facilities for radioactive solid wastes in India—an overview. In: Proceedings of the international seminar on storage and disposal of low level radioactive waste, Paris, France, 30 Sept–04 Oct 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • BARC (2011) Highlights, nuclear fuel cycle, NA. http://www.barc.ernet.in/publications/eb/golden/nfc/toc/Chapter%2013/13.1.pdf. Downloaded on 2 Nov 2011

  • Benjamin KS (2011) Second thoughts about nuclear power. National University of Singapore, p 8. http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/docs/policy-briefs/201101_RSU_PolicyBrief_1-2nd_Thought_Nuclear-Sovacool.pdf. Down loaded on 21 Nov 2011

  • Bennett DG, Higgo JJW, Wickham SM (2001) Review of waste immobilisation matrices, nirex. http://corwm.decc.gov.uk/assets/corwm/pre-nov%202007%20doc%20archive/doc%20archive/tier%202%20(2)%20-%20info%20reviewing/tier%203%20-%20nirex%20docs%20peer%20reviews/tier%204%20-%20nirex%20docs/1905%20-%20review%20of%20waste%20immobilistaion%20matrices.pdf. Downloaded 21 Nov 2011

  • CORWM (Committee on Radioactive Waste Management) (2006) Managing our radioactive waste safely

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2004) Geological disposal of radioactive wastes produced by nuclear power: from concept to implementation. Report no: EUR 21224

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritschi M (2005) Nuclear waste management in Switzerland, survey and status of activities. ATW, Int J Nucl Power 50(5):313

    Google Scholar 

  • Grill KD (2005) Safety, justice, and transparency in nuclear waste management. ATW, Int J Nucl Power 50(7):452–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsley DMC, Hallington PJ (2005) Nuclear power and the management of the radioactive waste legacy. Chem Eng Res Des 83(A7):773–776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IAEA (1983) Treatment of low and intermediate level liquid radioactive waste, Vienna, technical report series no. 236, p 62

    Google Scholar 

  • IAEA (1995) The principles of radioactive waste management

    Google Scholar 

  • IAEA (1999) Review of the factors affecting the selection and implementation of waste management technologies; IAEA-TECDOC-1096; IAEA, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  • IAEA (2001) Methods for the minimization of radioactive waste from decontamination and decommissioning of nuclear facilities

    Google Scholar 

  • IAEA (2005) Safety of radioactive waste disposal proceedings of an international conference Tokyo, 3–7 Oct 2005

    Google Scholar 

  • IAEA (2007) Estimation of global inventories of radioactive waste and other radioactive materials

    Google Scholar 

  • IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) (1970) Standardization of radioactive waste categories; TRS no. 101; IAEA, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  • Ju W (2010) High-level radioactive waste disposal in China: update 2010. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 2(1):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu XG, Liang JF, Xu JM (2007) Study on the adsorption behavior of silica gel for zirconium, plutonium and other fission products in high-level liquid waste. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 273(1):49–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makhijani A, Hu H, Yih K (eds) (1995) Nuclear wastelands: a global guide to nuclear weapons production and its health and environmental effects. The MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Min BY, Kang Y, Song PS, Choi WK, Jung CH, Oh WZ (2007) Study on the vitrification of mixed radioactive waste by plasma arc melting. J Ind Eng Chem 13(1):57–64

    Google Scholar 

  • MIT (2009) Update of the MIT 2003 future of nuclear power, an interdisciplinary MIT study

    Google Scholar 

  • MIT (2009) Future of nuclear power, an interdisciplinary MIT study

    Google Scholar 

  • Nirdosh I (1999) Leaching of uranium and Ra-226 from low-level radioactive waste from Port Hope, Ontario. Can J Chem Eng 77(3):508–514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ojovan MI, Lee WE (2005) An introduction to nuclear waste immobilisation. Elsevier Ltd, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • ONEA (OECD Nuclear Energy Agency) (2006) Uranium 2005: resources, production and demand, OECD, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Park JK, Song MJ (1998) Feasibility study on vitrification of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste from pressurized water reactors. Waste Manage 18(3):157–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters TB, Barnes MJ, Hobbs DT, Walker D, Fondeur F, Norato M, Fink S, Pulmano R (2006) Strontium and actinide separations from high level nuclear waste solutions using monosodium titanate 2. Actual waste testing. Sep Sci Technol 41(11):2409–2427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raj K, Prasad KK, Bansal NK (2006) Radioactive waste management practices in India. Nucl Eng Des 236:914–930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramana MV, Dennis T, Susy V (2001) Estimating nuclear waste production in India. Curr Sci 81(11):1458

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheng J, Choi K, Song MJ (2001) Vitrification of liquid waste from nuclear power plants. J Nucl Mater 297(1):7–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva M (1992) An assessment of the flammability and explosion potential of defense transuranic waste. Nucl Saf 33(2):220–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobolev IA, Dmitriev SA, Lifanov FA, Kobelev AP, Stefanovsky SV, Ojovan MI (2005) Vitrification processes for low, intermediate radioactive and mixed wastes. Glass Technol 46(1):28–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland AA, Rogers VC, Macbeth PJ (1982) Long-term monitoring of closed low-level waste and uranium mill tailings disposal sites. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 29(1):242–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas KT, Baehr W, Plumb GR (1989) Radioactive waste management in developing countries new activities have been initiated to address needs and problems. IAEA Bull 4(1989):26–32

    Google Scholar 

  • USDoE (UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY) (1997) Integrated data base report—1996: U.S. spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste inventories, projections, and characteristics, DOE/RW-0006, Rev. 13, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhunussova T, Sneve M, Romanenko O, Solomatina A, Mirsaidov I (2011) Threat assessment report regulatory aspects of the remediation and rehabilitation of nuclear legacy in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. StrÃ¥levernRapport 2011: 5. ØsterÃ¥s: Statens strÃ¥levern, 2011

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ramesha Chandrappa .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chandrappa, R., Das, D.B. (2012). Radio Active Waste. In: Solid Waste Management. Environmental Science and Engineering(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28681-0_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics