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Research Background, Aims and Methods

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Book cover Regulation of Sexual Conduct in UN Peacekeeping Operations

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Abstract

This chapter outlines the context, aims and research methods for the original contribution of this thesis, namely the empirical study which aims to make the personal experiences of those affected by the SGB visible. This chapter is organised into two main parts. The first part explores gender politics in BH by describing the local context of my study and providing a general overview of the BH socio-political and cultural milieu prior to the war, during the war and in the post-conflict transitional period. The second part of the chapter describes the aims and methodology of the empirical case study.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Stevi Jackson, Heterosexuality in Question (Sage, 1999) 94.

  2. 2.

    Alessandra Tanesini, An Introduction to Feminist Epistemologies (Wiley-Blackwell, 1999) 138.

  3. 3.

    Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Slovenia and BiH.

  4. 4.

    Vojvodina and Kosovo.

  5. 5.

    Mihailo Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996) 15.

  6. 6.

    Ibid 174.

  7. 7.

    Steven Burg, The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention (M.E. Sharpe, 2000) 16; Robert Donia, Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Tradition Betrayed (Columbia University Press, 1995) 9.

  8. 8.

    Tone Bringa, Being Muslim the Bosnian Way (Princeton University Press, 1995) 19.

  9. 9.

    Christopher Bennett, Yugoslavia’s Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences (NYU Press, 1997) 63; Susan Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War (Brookings Institution Press, 1995) 238, 241.

  10. 10.

    Martina Fischer, Peacebuilding and Civil Society in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Ten Years after Dayton (Münster Lit Verlag, 2006) 132.

  11. 11.

    See, Bogdan Denitch, Ethnic Nationalism: The Tragic Death of Yugoslavia (University of Minnesota Press, 1996).

  12. 12.

    Kvinna Till Kvinna, Engendering the Peace Process, A Gender Approach to Dayton-and Beyond (Kvinna Till Kvinna Foundation, 2000) 17.

  13. 13.

    The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Dayton Peace Accords) was formally signed in Paris on December 14, 1995.

  14. 14.

    Vida Tomsic, Women in the Development of Socialist Self-Managing Yugoslavia (Jugoslovenska stvarnost, 1980) 127.

  15. 15.

    Ibid.

  16. 16.

    Ibid 105.

  17. 17.

    Salko Saric, ‘Prostitution in Mostar’ [Prostitution in Mostar] (1999) 114 Journal of Education, Science and Culture 3.

  18. 18.

    Sabrina Ramet, Gender Politics in the Western Balkans: Women, Society, and Politics in Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Successor States (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999) 47.

  19. 19.

    Laurie Shrage, ‘Comment on Overall’s “What’s Wrong With Prostitution? Evaluating Sex Work”’(1994) 19(2) Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 564, 566.

  20. 20.

    Ramet, above n 18, 47.

  21. 21.

    Bette Denich, 'Women, Work, and Power in Modern Yugoslavia' in Alice Schlegel (ed) Sexual Stratification (Columbia University Press, 1977) 215.

  22. 22.

    Kvinna Till Kvinna, above n, 12.

  23. 23.

    Andjelka Milic, 'Women and Work in Former Yugoslavia and Their Present Situation' in Barbara Lobodzinska (ed), Family, Women, and Employment in Central-Eastern Europe (Praeger, 1995) 240.

  24. 24.

    Denich, above n 21, 222.

  25. 25.

    Milic, above n 23, 238.

  26. 26.

    Andrei Simic, ‘Machismo and Cryptomatriarchy: Power, Affect, and Authority in the Contemporary Yugoslav Family’ (1983) 11(1/2) Ethos 68.

  27. 27.

    Ibid 74.

  28. 28.

    Bringa, above n 8, 119.

  29. 29.

    Ibid 61.

  30. 30.

    Donna Hughes, Lepa Mladjenovic and Zorica Mrsevic 'Feminist Resistance in Serbia' (1994) 2(4) The European Journal of Women’s Studies 512.

  31. 31.

    Jelena Batinic, 'Feminism, Nationalism, and War: The ‘Yugoslav Case’ in Feminist Texts' (2001) 3(1) Journal of International Women's Studies 4.

  32. 32.

    Sabrina Ramet, Social Currents in Eastern Europe: The Sources and Consequences of the Great Transformation (Duke University Press Books, 1994) 226.

  33. 33.

    Batinic, above n 31, 5.

  34. 34.

    Jovanka Stojsavljevic, ‘Women, Conflict, and Culture in Former Yugoslavia’ (1994) 3(1) Gender and Development 37.

  35. 35.

    Ibid 36. See also, Jill Benderly, 'Rape, Feminism, and Nationalism in the War in Yugoslav Successor States' in Lois West (ed), Feminist Nationalism (Routledge, 1997) 59-72.

  36. 36.

    Obrad Kesic, ‘Women and Gender Imagery in Bosnia: Amazons, Sluts, Victims, Witches, and Wombs’ in Ramet, above n 18, 187, 191.

  37. 37.

    Ibid.

  38. 38.

    Dragan Radulovic, Prostitucija u Jugoslaviji [Prostitution in Yugoslavia] (Filip Višnjić, 1986) 11.

  39. 39.

    Autonomus Women’s Center, ‘The History of Feminist Movement in Yugoslavia’ <http://www.womenngo.org.rs/content/blogcategory/28/61/>.

  40. 40.

    Svetlana Slapsak, ‘Zene i rat u bivsoj Jugoslaviji’ [Women and War in ex-Yugoslavia], Republika (online), 31 August 1996 www.yurope.com/zines/republika/arhiva/96/145/145-16.html.

  41. 41.

    Dorothy Thomas and Regan Ralph, ‘Rape in War: The Case of Bosnia’ in Ramet, above n 18, 203, 214. See also, The European Community Investigative Mission into the Treatment of Muslim Women in the Former Yugoslavia: Report to European Community Foreign Ministers. UN Doc S/25240, annex I, 3 February 1993.

  42. 42.

    Rhonda Copelon, ‘Surfacing Gender: Reconceptualizing Crimes against Women in Time of War’ in Lois Ann Lorentzen and Jennifer Turpin (eds), The Women and War Reader (New York University Press, 1999) 64.

  43. 43.

    Ibid Turpin, ‘Many Faces: Women Confronting War’ 1, 5; Copelon, 63, 69.

  44. 44.

    Prosecutor v Kunarac et al, Case No IT-96-23, Judgment, 12 June 2002.

  45. 45.

    Vesna Kesic, ‘Muslim women, Croatian women Serbian women, Albanian women’, Eurozine (online), 5 September 2003 <http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2003-05-09-kesic-en.html>.

  46. 46.

    Ibid.

  47. 47.

    Ramet, above n 18, 262.

  48. 48.

    Dubravka Zarkov, The Body of War: Media, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Break-up of Yugoslavia (Duke University Press, 2007) 44.

  49. 49.

    Lepa Mladjenovic and Donna M. Hughes,’Feminist Resistance to War and Violence in Serbia’ in Marquerite Waller and Jennifer Rycenga (eds), Frontline Feminisms, Women, War and Resistance (Routledge, 2001) 247, 259.

  50. 50.

    Victoria Ingrid Einagel, ‘Lasting Peace in Bosnia? Politics of Territory and Identity’ in Pavel Baev Ola Tunander, Victoria Ingrid Einagel (ed), Geopolitics in Post-Wall Europe: Security, Territory and Identity (International Peace Research Institute, 1997) 248.

  51. 51.

    Martha Walsh, ‘Postconflict Bosnia and Herzegovina: Integrating Women's Special Situation and Gender Perspectives in Skills Training and Employment Promotion Programs’ (International Labour Organization, 1997) 9.

  52. 52.

    Cynthia Cockburn, The Space Between Us: Negotiating Gender and National Identities in Conflict (Zed Books, 1999) 207.

  53. 53.

    T. Sikanic, A. Tipura, ‘Ljubav pobjeđuje podjele’ [Love wins divisions], Nezavisne novine (Banjaluka), 26 November 2006, 7.

  54. 54.

    Branko Todorovic, ‘Ways of Reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina’. Paper presented at Stockholm International Forum on Truth, Justice and Reconciliation’, 23 April 2002 <http://www.dccam.org/Projects/Affinity/SIF/DATA/2002/page1685.html>.

  55. 55.

    Walsh, above n 51,13.

  56. 56.

    Bringa, above n 8, 53.

  57. 57.

    Walsh, above n 51.

  58. 58.

    Ibid 22.

  59. 59.

    Madeleine Rees, ‘International Intervention in Bosnia-Herzegovina: The Cost of Ignoring Gender’ in Cynthia Cockburn and Dubravka Zarkov (ed), The Postwar Moment: Militaries, Masculinities and International Peacekeeping (Zed Books, 2002) 51, 61.

  60. 60.

    Ibid.

  61. 61.

    Martina Vandenberg, ‘Hopes Betrayed: Trafficking of Women and Girls to Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina for Forced Prostitution’ (Human Rights Watch, 2002).

  62. 62.

    Vesna Nikolic Ristanovic, Social Change, Gender and Violence: Post-Communist and War Affected Societies (Springer, 2002) 131.

  63. 63.

    Tanesini, above n 2, 139.

  64. 64.

    Mats Alvesson, Postmodernism and Social Research (Open University Press, 2002) 171.

  65. 65.

    Tanesini, above n 2, 139.

  66. 66.

    Vandenberg, above n 61.

  67. 67.

    Robert E Stake, The Art of Case Study Research (Sage, 1995) xi.

  68. 68.

    Earl Babbie, The Practice of Social Research (Thomson Wadsworth, 2004) 309.

  69. 69.

    B. L. Berg, Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences (Allyn and Bacon, 2001) 225.

  70. 70.

    Ibid.

  71. 71.

    Robert Yin, Case Study Research-Design and Methods (Sage, 2003) 13.

  72. 72.

    Robert Yin, Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Sage, 4th ed, 2009) 14.

  73. 73.

    Dean MacCannell, ‘Introduction to Special Issues on Semiotics of Tourism’ (1989) 16 (1) Annals of Tourism Research 1, 3.

  74. 74.

    Gayle Jennings, ‘Interviewing: a Focus on Qualitative Techniques’ in Peter M. Burns et al (ed), Tourism Research Methods: Integrating Theory with Practice (CABI, 2005) 99.

  75. 75.

    Yin, above n 72, 13.

  76. 76.

    Bennett, M.M., ‘Marketing Research in Tourism’ in A. V. Seaton and M. M. Bennett (ed), The Marketing Of Tourism Products: Concepts, Issues And Cases (International Thomson Business Press, 1996) 8.

  77. 77.

    Herbert Rubin and Irene Rubin, Qualitative Interviewing: the Art of Hearing Data (Sage, 2005) 14.

  78. 78.

    C. Glesne, Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction (Longman, 1999) 24.

  79. 79.

    Steven Taylor and Robert Bogdan, Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource (John Wiley and Sons, 3rd ed, 1998) 7.

  80. 80.

    Belinda Fehlberg, Sexually Transmitted Debt: Surety Experience and English Law (Oxford University, 1997) 91.

  81. 81.

    Robert Burgess, Field research: a Sourcebook and Field Manual (Routledge, 1986) 107.

  82. 82.

    Lorain Gelsthorpe and Allison Morris, Feminist Perspectives in Criminology (Open University Press, 1990) 91.

  83. 83.

    For the interview schedule for Group A see Appendix A.7.

  84. 84.

    For the interview schedule for Group B see Appendix B.5.

  85. 85.

    For the interview schedule for Group C see Appendix C.3.

  86. 86.

    The most famous case was of Kathleen Bolkovac, a civilian police officer who lost her job in UNMIBH after publicly stating that peacekeepers were directly involved in trafficking of women in BH.

  87. 87.

    Prenee Liamputtong (ed.) Doing cross-cultural research: Methodological and Ethical Consideration (Springer, 2008) 69.

  88. 88.

    Phyllis Eide and Carol B Allen, ‘Recruiting Transcultural Qualitative Research Participants: A Conceptual Model’ (2005) 4(2) International Journal of Qualitative Methods 50.

  89. 89.

    Robin Kearns, ‘Being there: Research through observing and participating’ in Iain Hay (ed.) Qualitative research methods in human geography (Oxford University Press, 2000)114.

  90. 90.

    Rob Kitchin and Nicholas Tate, ‘Conducting Research in Human Geography: Theory, Methodology and Practice (Harlow, 2000) 39.

  91. 91.

    Eide and Allen, above n 88, 6.

  92. 92.

    See attached ‘Template Letter of Invitation to Participate in Research Project’, Appendix A. 1 and A. 2.

  93. 93.

    Ibid.

  94. 94.

    See attached ‘Template Letter of Invitation to Participate in Research Project’, Appendix C. 1.

  95. 95.

    See, Aviad Bar-Haim, ‘Rethinking organizational commitment in relation to perceived organizational power and perceived employment alternatives’ (2007) 7(2) International Journal of Cross Cultural Management; Monir Tayeb, ‘Conducting research across cultures: overcoming drawbacks and obstacles’ (2001)1(2) International Journal of Cross Cultural Management; Terrence Jackson and Artola Marian Calafell, ‘Ethical Beliefs and Management Behaviour: A Cross-Cultural Comparison’ (1997) 16(11) Journal of Business Ethics.

  96. 96.

    Bringa, above n 8, 91.

  97. 97.

    Julia Chaitin, ‘”I Wish He Hadn’t Told Me That”: Methodological and Ethical Issues in Social Trauma and Conflict Research’ (2003) 13 Qualitative Health Research 1146.

  98. 98.

    Both through e mail correspondence.

  99. 99.

    As I argued elsewhere in this Chapter.

  100. 100.

    Zarkov, above n 48, 184.

  101. 101.

    Marsha Henry, Paul Higate and Gurchathen Sanghera, ‘Positionality and Power: The Politics of Peacekeeping Research’ (2009) 16(4) International Peacekeeping 468.

  102. 102.

    Ibid 469.

  103. 103.

    Private conversation in Banjaluka with a woman married to a peacekeeper.

  104. 104.

    Stevi Jackson, ‘Even Sociologists Fall in Love: An Exploration in the Sociology of Emotions’ (1993) 27(2) Sociology 201.

  105. 105.

    Ibid 205.

  106. 106.

    Ibid 202.

  107. 107.

    CM Renzetti and RM Lee, ‘The problems of researching sensitive topics’ (1990) 33(5) American Behavioral Scientist, 515.

  108. 108.

    Henry et al, above n 101, 471.

  109. 109.

    C. Wright Mills, ‘Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive’ (1940) 5(6) American Sociological Review, 907.

  110. 110.

    Ibid, 906.

  111. 111.

    Karl Mannheim, Men and Society in an Age of reconstruction (Routledge, 1940) 249.

  112. 112.

    L.R. Jauch et al, ‘Organizational Loyalty, Professional Commitment and Academic Research Productivity’ (1978) 21 (1) Academic Management Journal 84.

  113. 113.

    Staff Regulations, ST/SGB/2001/8 (27 September 2001).

  114. 114.

    Ibid sec 1.2 (i).

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  1. Law School, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, Queensland, Australia

    Olivera Simic

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Simic, O. (2012). Research Background, Aims and Methods. In: Regulation of Sexual Conduct in UN Peacekeeping Operations. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28484-7_4

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