Abstract
Hummingbird-2 is an encryption algorithm with a 128-bit secret key and a 64-bit initialization vector. Hummingbird-2 optionally produces an authentication tag for each message processed. Like it’s predecessor Hummingbird-1, Hummingbird-2 has been targeted for low-end microcontrollers and for hardware implementation in lightweight devices such as RFID tags and wireless sensors. Compared to the previous version of the cipher, and in response to extensive analysis, the internal state has been increased to 128 bits and a flow of entropy from the state to the mixing function has been improved. In this paper we present the Hummingbird-2 algorithm, its design and security arguments, performance analysis on both software and hardware platforms, and timing analysis in relation to the ISO 18000-6C protocol.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, R., Biham, E., Knudsen, L.: Serpent: A Proposal for the Advanced Encryption Standard (1999), http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/serpent.pdf
Biryukov, A., De Cannière, C., Quisquater, M.: On Multiple Linear Approximations. In: Franklin, M. (ed.) CRYPTO 2004. LNCS, vol. 3152, pp. 1–22. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Biham, E., Shamir, A.: Differential Cryptanalysis of DES-like Cryptosystems. In: Menezes, A., Vanstone, S.A. (eds.) CRYPTO 1990. LNCS, vol. 537, pp. 2–21. Springer, Heidelberg (1991)
Biham, E., Shamir, A.: Differential Cryptanalysis of the Data Encryption Standard. Springer, Heidelberg (1993)
De Cannière, C., Dunkelman, O., Knežević, M.: KATAN and KTANTAN — A Family of Small and Efficient Hardware-Oriented Block Ciphers. In: Clavier, C., Gaj, K. (eds.) CHES 2009. LNCS, vol. 5747, pp. 272–288. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Dinur, I., Shamir, A.: Cube Attacks on Tweakable Black Box Polynomials. In: Joux, A. (ed.) EUROCRYPT 2009. LNCS, vol. 5479, pp. 278–299. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Dworkin, M.: Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC. In: NIST Special Publication 800-38D (2007)
Fan, X., Hu, H., Gong, G., Smith, E.M., Engels, D.: Lightweight Implementation of Hummingbird Cryptographic Algorithm on 4-Bit Microcontroller. In: The 1st International Workshop on RFID Security and Cryptography 2009 (RISC 2009), pp. 838–884. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Ferguson, N., Whiting, D., Schneier, B., Kelsey, J., Lucks, S., Kohno, T.: Helix: Fast Encryption and Authentication in a Single Cryptographic Primitive. In: Johansson, T. (ed.) FSE 2003. LNCS, vol. 2887, pp. 330–346. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Engels, D., Fan, X., Gong, G., Hu, H., Smith, E.M.: Ultra-Lightweight Cryptography for Low-Cost RFID Tags: Hummingbird Algorithm and Protocol. Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research (CACR) Technical Reports, CACR-2009-29 (2009), http://www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca/techreports/2009/cacr2009-29.pdf
Engels, D., Fan, X., Gong, G., Hu, H., Smith, E.M.: Hummingbird: Ultra-Lightweight Cryptography for Resource-Constrained Devices. In: Sion, R., Curtmola, R., Dietrich, S., Kiayias, A., Miret, J.M., Sako, K., Sebé, F. (eds.) RLCPS, WECSR, and WLC 2010. LNCS, vol. 6054, pp. 3–18. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
International Standardization Organization. ISO/IEC 18000-6:2010. Information technology – Radio frequency identification for item management – Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz
Good, T., Benaissa, M.: Hardware results for selected stream cipher candidates. eStream, ECRYPT Stream Cipher Project Report 2007/023. In: Proceedings of SASC 2007 (2007)
Leander, G., Poschmann, A.: On the Classification of 4 Bit S-Boxes. In: Carlet, C., Sunar, B. (eds.) WAIFI 2007. LNCS, vol. 4547, pp. 159–176. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Matsui, M.: Linear Cryptanalysis Method for DES Cipher. In: Helleseth, T. (ed.) EUROCRYPT 1993. LNCS, vol. 765, pp. 386–397. Springer, Heidelberg (1994)
Muller, F.: Differential Attacks Against the Helix Stream Cipher. In: Roy, B., Meier, W. (eds.) FSE 2004. LNCS, vol. 3017, pp. 94–108. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
National Institute of Standards and Technology. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). FIPS Publication 197, U.S. DoC/NIST (2001)
Poschmann, A.: Lightweight Cryptography - Cryptographic Engineering for a Pervasive World. PhD Thesis. Europaeischer Universitaetsverlag, in the IT-Security series, no 8. Also available as IACR ePrint 2009/516 (2009) ISBN 978-3899663419
Saarinen, M.-J.O.: d-Monomial Tests are Effective Against Stream Ciphers. In: State of the Art in Stream Ciphers (SASC) 2006. Workshop Record, K.U. Leuven (2006)
Saarinen, M.-J.O.: Cryptanalysis of Hummingbird-1. In: Joux, A. (ed.) FSE 2011. LNCS, vol. 6733, pp. 328–341. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Saarinen, M.-J.O.: Cryptographic Analysis of All 4 ×4 - Bit S-Boxes. In: Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC) 2011, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, August 11-12 (2011)
Whiting, D., Schneier, B., Lucks, S., Muller, F.: Phelix – Fast Encryption and Authentication in a Single Cryptographic Primitive. In: ECRYPT Stream Cipher Project Report 2005/027 (2005), http://www.schneier.com/paper-phelix.html
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Engels, D., Saarinen, MJ.O., Schweitzer, P., Smith, E.M. (2012). The Hummingbird-2 Lightweight Authenticated Encryption Algorithm. In: Juels, A., Paar, C. (eds) RFID. Security and Privacy. RFIDSec 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7055. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25286-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25286-0_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-25285-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-25286-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)