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Pathology of the Human Placenta pp 429–460Cite as

Erythroblastosis Fetalis and Hydrops Fetalis

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Abstract

Erythroblastosis fetalis, or hemolytic disease of the newborn, is a condition caused by specific antibodies of the mother, directed against red cell antigens of the fetus. These are largely RhD antigens, but rare cases of sensitization against other antigens (e.g., Kell), and of ABO incompatibility with fetal hemolytic disease have been described. Leventhal and Wolf (1956) have presented Kell-isoimmunization as a cause of fatal erythroblastosis (EF). This was also found in the well-illustrated case of Ivemark et al. (1959). Anti-K antibodies usually arise as a result of transfusion, and the fetal disease is usually mild. Of 194 pregnancies complicated by this antibody constellation, only 16 affected babies were identified, of which 3 were severely affected by hemolytic disease (Leggat et al. 1991). The difficulty in this situation is the identification of the pregnancies at risk, an aspect discussed in some detail in an Editorial (1991). Anti-K hemolytic disease does not differ histopathologically from anti-D-caused erythroblastosis. There may, however, be a difference in the response to this antibody. Vaughan et al. (1998) showed that they specifically inhibit growth of K-positive erythroid precursors and may, thus, lead to severe fetal anemia. Relatively few cases of typical, severe EF have been described as being due to ABO incompatibility. These were summarized by Freda and Carter (1962), and a fatal case is delineated in the paper by Miller and Petrie (1963), but usually, the hemolytic disease of ABO-incompatibility is mild. The pathological findings of infant and placenta are the same as those in EF due to Rh-incompatibility; in their case, the placenta weighed 900 g and had typical features of erythroblastosis. Other types of hemolysis occur which also produce similar pathologic features of infant and placenta. Thus, hemolysis in fetal blood may rarely result because of G6PD deficiency, virus infection, and for other uncommon reasons. These causes of fetal hemolysis must be differentiated from the classical erythroblastosis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Prestwick Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Kurt Benirschke M.D.

  2. Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge Centre for Trophoblast Research, Cambridge, UK

    Graham J. Burton M.D., D.Sc.

  3. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA

    Rebecca N. Baergen M.D.

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  1. Kurt Benirschke M.D.
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Benirschke, K., Burton, G.J., Baergen, R.N. (2012). Erythroblastosis Fetalis and Hydrops Fetalis. In: Pathology of the Human Placenta. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23941-0_16

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