Abstract
Due to the limitations of current soft-tissue reconstruction and replacement methods there is a need to develop new, clinically relevant alternatives. Employing stem-cell-inclusive tissue engineering methods as a means to generate adipose tissue may offer patients a new reconstructive option using their own healthy cells and may offer a clinically feasible “just-in-time” solution. Injectable, tailored composite systems, consisting of cellular beads in a hydrogel carrier, may be injected at a soft tissue defect site in a minimally invasive manner. A proof-of-concept case study, highlighting reconstruction for breast cancer application, is presented in which the modulation of scaffold surface texture and chemistry causes changes in preadipocyte cell behavior. Specifically, the results compare cellular differentiation of preadipocytes on a 2-D surface of polystyrene and on 3-D surfaces of gelatin and polylactide (PL) through assessment of lipid production, cell number, cell viability, and gene expression. The gelatin scaffolds show more promise, over an 18-day culture period, for use in the injectable composite system as a cellular support device rather than the PL scaffolds; however, these two materials are assessed only to provide evidence that if carefully selected and exploited, a biomaterial can stimulate targeted cellular behaviors. That is, the goal of the case study is not to promote two specific materials but, rather, the goal is to demonstrate modularity of the injectable system for a wide range of materials. Cells seeded on the gelatin microspheres were more proliferative and produced more triglycerides than those seeded on the PL microspheres. Both scaffolds can be used in combination to form an injectable composite system, the PL microspheres more likely serving as a drug delivery vehicle or filler material, and the gelatin microspheres functioning as cellular carriers. The injectable composite system provides a platform into which beads of different chemistries and morphologies may be integrated to construct a tailored implant for stem cell engineering.
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Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge technical support from Dina Basalyga, Chuck Thomas, Kim Ivey, Joan Hudson, and Larry Grimes. Funding for work presented in this chapter was provided by the National Science Foundation PECASE (BES 0093805) grant.
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Burg, K.J.L., Cavin, N.M., Neser, K. (2011). Engineered Scaffolds and Matrices: Tailored Biomaterials for Adipose Stem Cell Engineering. In: Illouz, YG., Sterodimas, A. (eds) Adipose Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20012-0_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20012-0_9
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