Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Thermophotovoltaics pp 17–34Cite as

Radiators (Emitters)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1797 Accesses

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

Abstract

Radiators (also called emitters) may be classified according to several aspects including the following:

  • Optical properties (¡¿¤¤, emissivity: spectral and angular, transparency).

  • Thermal properties (e.g., upper operation temperature, evaporation rate, thermal expansion, thermal shock resistance and thermal conductivity).

  • Electrical properties (e.g., conductivity: metal, semiconductor and non-metal).

  • Material composition.

  • Physical structure (e.g., bulk, porous, filaments, film and microstructured surface).

  • Availability and economics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    1 Torr = 1 mm mercury column (mm Hg) = 133.3 Pa

References

  1. Coutts TJ, Guazzoni G, Luther J (2003) An overview of the 5th Conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity. Semicond Sci Technol 18:144–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Gombert A (2003) An overview of TPV emitter technologies. Proceeding of the 5th Conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Rome, Italy, 16–19. Sep. 2002, Institute of Physics, pp 123–131

    Google Scholar 

  3. Licciulli A, Diso D, Torsello G, Tundo S, Maffezzoli A, Lomascolo M, Mazzer M (2003) The challenge of high-performance selective emitters for thermophotovoltaic applications. Semicond Sci Technol 18:174–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Adair PL, Rose MF (1995) Composite emitters for TPV systems. Proceedings of the 1st NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Copper Mountain, Colorado, 24–28 July 1994. American Institute of Physics, pp 245–262

    Google Scholar 

  5. Nelson RE (1995) Thermophotovoltaic emitter development. Proceedings of the 1st NREL Conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Copper Mountain, Colorado, 24–28 July 1994. American Institute of Physics, pp 80–96

    Google Scholar 

  6. Coutts TJ, Guazzoni G, Luther J (2003) An overview of the fifth Conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity. Semicond Sci Technol 18:144–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Fraas LM, Avery JE, Huang HX, Martinelli RU (2003) Thermophotovoltaic system configurations and spectral control. Semicond Sci Technol 18:165–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Höfler H (1984) Thermophotovoltaische Konversion der Sonnenenergie (in German), Doctoral thesis. Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cockeram BV, Hollenbeck JL (1999) The spectral emittance and stability of coatings and textured surfaces for thermophotovoltaic (TPV) radiator applications, Report, US Department of Energy, DE-AC11-98PN38206

    Google Scholar 

  10. Roth A (1990) Vacuum technology, 3rd edn. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  11. Darling R (2003) Micro fabrication—film deposition. Lecture notes EE-527. University of Washington College of Engineering [Online] Available at: http://www.engr.washington.edu/. Accessed 28 April 2010

  12. Marsden MA, Cayless AM (1984) Lamps and lighting: a manual of lamps and lighting, 3rd edn. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  13. Vlasov AS, Khvostikov VP, Khvostikova OA, Gazaryan PY, Sorokina SV, Andreev VM (2007) TPV Systems with solar powered tungsten emitters. Proceeding of the 7th world conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Madrid, 25–27 Sept 2006. American Institute of Physics, pp 327–334

    Google Scholar 

  14. Luque A (2007) Solar Thermophotovoltaics: combining solar thermal and photovoltaics. Proceedings of the 7th world conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Madrid, 25–27 Sept 2006. American Institute of Physics, pp 3–16

    Google Scholar 

  15. van den Hoek WJ, Jack AG, Luijks GMJF (2005) Lamps, in “Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry”. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  16. Klipstein DL (2006) The great internet light bulb book, Part I [Online] Available at: http://members.misty.com/don/bulb1.html. Accessed 28 April 2010

  17. Lide DR (2008-2009) Physical constants of inorganic compounds. In: CRC Handbook chemistry and physics, 89 (Eds) CRC Press

    Google Scholar 

  18. Global vacuum product guide (2009) Section 17-Technical Information, 9 (Eds) Kurt J Lesker Company [Online] Available at: http://www.lesker.com/newweb/literature/CDC/catalog_download.cfm. Accessed 28 April 2010

  19. Modest MF (1999) Section 3.3: Radiation. In: Kreith F (ed) CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 65–91

    Google Scholar 

  20. Richerson DW (1992) Modern ceramic engineering: Properties, Processing and use in design, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kohl WH (1967) Handbook of materials and techniques for vacuum devices. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York

    Google Scholar 

  22. Guyer EC, Brownell DL (1999) Handbook of applied thermal design. Taylor & Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  23. Noreen DL, Honghua D (1995) High power density thermophotovoltaic energy conversion. Proceedings of the 1st NREL Conference on Thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity. Copper Mountain, Colorado, US, 24–28 July 1994. American Institute of Physics, pp 119–132

    Google Scholar 

  24. Lay LA (1991) Corrosion resistance of technical ceramics. Her Majestys Stationery Office (HMSO)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Infrared Emitters for Industrial Processes (2006) Heraeus [Online] Available at: http://www.noblelight.net/. Accessed 28 Oct 2010

  26. Pernisz UC, Saha CK (1995) Silicon carbide emitter and burner elements for a TPV converter. Proceedings of the 1st NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Copper Mountain, Colorado, 24–28 July 1994. American Institute of Physics, pp 99–105

    Google Scholar 

  27. Guazzoni G, McAlonan M (1997) Multifuel (liquid hydrocarbons) TPV generator. Proceedings of the 3rd NREL Conference on Thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity. Denver, Colorado, 18–21. May 1997, American Institute of Physics, pp 341–354

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kanthal super electric heating element handbook (1999) Kanthal AB Sweden [Online] Available at: http://www.kanthal.com/. Accessed 28 Oct 2010

  29. Watson R (1999) Electric resistance heating-element materials. In: Guyer EC, Brownell DL (eds) Handbook of applied thermal design, Part 8, Chap 1. Taylor & Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  30. Chubb DL (1990) Reappraisal of solid selective emitters. Proceedings of the 21st IEEE photovoltaic specialists conference, IEEE, pp 1326–1333

    Google Scholar 

  31. Dieke GH (1968) Spectra and energy levels of rare earth ions in crystals. Wiley, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  32. Guazzoni GE (1972) High-temperature spectral emittance of oxides of erbium samarium, neodymium and ytterbium. Appl Spectrosc 26:60–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Touloukian YS, DeWitt DP (1972) Thermophysical properties of matter, Vol. 8, Thermal radiative properties: nonmetallic solids. Plenum Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  34. Ferguson LG, Dogan F (2002) Spectral analysis of transition metal-doped MgO matched emitters for thermophotovoltaic energy conversion. J Mater Sci 37(7):1301–1308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Siegel R, Howell J (2001) Thermal radiation heat transfer, 4th edn. Taylor & Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  36. Chubb DL, Pal A-MT, Patton MO, Jenkins PP (1999) Rare earth doped high-temperature ceramic selective emitters. J Eur Ceramic Society 19:2551–2562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Yugami H, Sai H, Nakamura K, Nakagawa N, Ohtsubo H (2000) Solar thermophotovoltaic using Al2O3/Er3Al5O12 eutectic composite selective emitter. Proceedings of the 28th IEEE photovoltaic specialists conference, IEEE, pp 1214–1217

    Google Scholar 

  38. Adachi Y, Yugami H Shibata K, Nakagawa N (2004) Compact TPV generation system using Al2O3/Er3Al5O12 eutectic ceramics selective emitters. Proceedings of the 6th international conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Freiburg, Germany, 14–16 June 2004. American Institute of Physics, pp 198–205

    Google Scholar 

  39. Mattarolo G (2007) Development and modelling of a thermophotovoltaic system. Doctoral thesis, University of Kassel

    Google Scholar 

  40. Nakagawa N, Ohtsubo H, Waku Y, Yugami H (2005) Thermal emission properties of Al2O3/Er3Al5O12 eutectic ceramics. J Eur Ceramic Society 25(8):1285–1291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Bitnar B, Durisch W, Mayor J-C, Sigg H, Tschudi HR (2002) Characterisation of rare earth selective emitters for thermophotovoltaic applications. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 73:221–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Diso D, Licciulli A, Bianco A, Lomascolo M, Leo G, Mazzer M, Tundo S, Torsello G, Maffezzoli A (2003) Erbium containing ceramic emitters for thermophotovoltaic energy conversion. Mater Sci Eng 98(2):144–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Palfinger G (2006) Low dimensional Si/SiGe structures deposited by UHV-CVD for thermophotovoltaics. Doctoral thesis, Paul Scherrer Institute

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ferguson LG, Dogan F (2001) Spectrally selective, matched emitters for thermophotovoltaic energy conversion processed by tape casting. J Mater Sci 36(1):137–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Schubnell M, Gabler H, Broman L (1997) Overview of European activities in thermophotovoltaics. Proceedings of the 3rd NREL Conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity. Denver, Colorado, 18–21 May 1997. American Institute of Physics, pp 3–22

    Google Scholar 

  46. Ortabasi U, Lund KO, Seshadri K (1996) A fluidized bed selective emitter system driven by a non-premixed burner. Proceedings of the 2nd NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Colorado, Springs, 16–20 July 1995. American Institute of Physics, pp 469–487

    Google Scholar 

  47. Adair PL, Zheng-Chen, Rose F (1997) TPV power generation prototype using composite selective emitters. Proceedings of the 3rd NREL Conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Denver, Colorado, 18–21 May 1997. American Institute of Physics, pp 277–291

    Google Scholar 

  48. Nelson RE (1997) Temperature measurement of high performance radiant emitters. Proceedings of the 3rd NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Denver, Colorado, 18–21 May 1997. American Institute of Physics, pp 189–202

    Google Scholar 

  49. Pierce DE, Guazzoni G (1999) High-temperature optical properties of thermophotovoltaic emitter components. Proceedings of the 4th NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Denver, Colorado, 11–14 Oct 1998. American Institute of Physics, pp 177–190

    Google Scholar 

  50. Licciulli A, Maffezzoli A, Diso D, Tundo S, Rella M, Torsello G, Mazzer M (2003) Sol-gel preparation of selective emitters for thermophotovoltaic conversion. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 26(1):1119–1123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Panitz J-C, Schubnell M, Durisch W, Geiger F (1997) Influence of ytterbium concentration on the emissive properties of Yb:YAG and Yb:Y2O3. Proceedings of the 3rd NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Denver, Colorado, 18–21 May 1997. American Institute of Physics, pp 265–276

    Google Scholar 

  52. Panitz J-C (1999) Characterization of ytterbium-yttrium mixed oxides using Raman spectroscopy and x-ray powder diffraction. J Raman Spectrosc 30(11):1035–1042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Goldstein MK, DeShazer LG, Kushch AS, Skinner SM (1997) Superemissive light pipe for TPV applications. Proceedings of the 3rd NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Denver, Colorado, 18–21 May 1997. American Institute of Physics, pp 315–326

    Google Scholar 

  54. Chubb DL, Lowe RA (1996) A small particle selective emitter for thermophotovoltaic energy conversion. Proceedings of the 2nd NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Colorado Springs, 16–20. July 1995. American Institute of Physics, pp 263–277

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ferguson L, Fraas L (1997) Matched infrared emitters for use with GaSb TPV cells. Proceedings of the 3rd NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Denver, Colorado, 18–21 May 1997. American Institute of Physics, pp 169–179

    Google Scholar 

  56. Crowley CJ, Elkouh NA, Magari PJ (1999) Thermal spray approach for TPV emitters. Proceedings of the 4th NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Denver, Colorado, 11–14 Oct 1998. American Institute of Physics, pp 197–213

    Google Scholar 

  57. Diso D, Licciulli A, Bianco A, Leo G, Torsello G, Tundo S, Sinisi M, Larizza P, Mazzer M (2003) Selective emitters for high efficiency TPV conversion: Materials preparation and characterisation. Proceedings of the 5th conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Rome, 16–19 Sept 2002. American Institute of Physics, pp 132–141

    Google Scholar 

  58. Höfler H, Würfel P, Ruppel W (1983) Selective emitters for thermophotovoltaic solar energy conversion. Solar Cells 10(3):257–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Good BS, Chubb DL (2003) Theoretical comparison of erbium-, holmium- and thulium-doped aluminum garnet selective emitters. Proceedings of the 5th conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Rome, Italy, 16–19 Sept 2002. American Institute of Physics, pp 142–154

    Google Scholar 

  60. Zheng C, Adair PL, Rose MF (1997) Multiple-dopant selective emitter. Proceedings of the 3rd NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Denver, Colorado, 18–21 May 1997. American Institute of Physics, pp 181–188

    Google Scholar 

  61. Wyatt L (1993) Materials properties and selection. In: Koshal D (ed) Manufacturing engineers reference book, Chap 1, 13th edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, London

    Google Scholar 

  62. Korb LJ (1987) Metals handbook Vol 13 corrosion, 9th edn. ASM International, New York

    Google Scholar 

  63. Doyle E, Shukla K, Metcalfe C (2001) Development and demonstration of a 25 W thermophotovoltaic power source for a hybrid power system, Report, NASA, TR04-2001

    Google Scholar 

  64. Khvostikov VP, Gazaryan PY, Khvostikova OA, Potapovich NS, Sorokina SV, Malevskaya AV, Shvarts MZ, Shmidt NM, Andreev VM (2007) GaSb Applications for solar thermophotovoltaic conversion. Proceedings of the 7th world conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Madrid, 25–27 Sept 2006. American Institute of Physics, pp 139–148

    Google Scholar 

  65. (2010) Special Metals Corporation, Product Inconel [Online] Available at http://www.specialmetals.com/. Accessed 28 Oct 2010

  66. Wheeler MJ (1983) Radiating properties of metals. In: Brandes EA (ed) Smithells metals reference book, Chap 17, 6th edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, London

    Google Scholar 

  67. Zenker M (2001) Thermophotovoltaische Konversion von Verbrennungswaerme (in German), Doctoral thesis, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau

    Google Scholar 

  68. Volz W (2001) Entwicklung und Aufbau eines thermophotovoltaischen Energiewandlers (in German), Doctoral thesis, Universität Gesamthochschule Kassel, Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik (ISET)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Rumyantsev VD, Khvostikov VP, Sorokina O, Vasilev AI, Andreev VM (1999) Portable TPV generator based on metallic emitter and 1.5-amp GaSb cells. Proceedings of the 4th NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Denver, Colorado, 11–14 Oct 1998. American Institute of Physics, pp 384–393

    Google Scholar 

  70. Fraas LM, Magendanz G, Avery JE (2001) Antireflection coated refractory metal matched emitters for use in thermophotovoltaic generators. JX-Crystals Inc., US Patent 6177628

    Google Scholar 

  71. Fraas LM, Samaras JE, Avery JE (2001) Antireflection coated refractory metal matched emitters for use in thermophotovoltaic generators. JX-Crystals Inc., US Patent 6271461

    Google Scholar 

  72. Les J, Borne T, Cross D, Gang Du, Edwards DA, Haus J, King J, Lacey A, Monk P, Please C, Hoa Tran (2000) Interference filters for thermophotovoltaic applications. Proceedings of the 15th workshop on mathematical problems in industry, University of Delaware, US, June 1999

    Google Scholar 

  73. Sai H, Yugami H, Kanamori Y, Hane K (2003) Spectrally selective emitters with deep rectangular cavities fabricated with fast atom beam etching. Proceedings of the 5th conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Rome, Italy, 16–19 Sept 2002. American Institute of Physics, pp 155–163

    Google Scholar 

  74. Schlemmer C, Aschaber J, Boerner V, Gombert A, Hebling C, Luther J (2003) Thermal stability of microstructured selective tungsten emitters. Proceedings of the 5th Conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Rome, Italy, 16–19 Sept 2002. American Institute of Physics, pp 164–173

    Google Scholar 

  75. Sai H, Kamikawa T, Yugami H (2004) Thermophotovoltaic generation with microstructured tungsten selective emitters. Proceedings of the 6th international conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Freiburg, Germany, 14–16 June 2004. American Institute of Physics, pp 206–214

    Google Scholar 

  76. Pralle MU, Moelders N, McNeal MP, Puscasu I, Greenwald AC, Daly JT, Johnson EA, George T, Choi DS, El-Kady I, Biswas R (2002) Photonic crystal enhanced narrow-band Infrared emitters. Appl Phys Lett 81:4685–4687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. McCarthy DC (2002) Photonic crystals: a growth industry, Photonics Spectra, June, pp 54–60

    Google Scholar 

  78. Fleming JG, Lin SY, El-Kady I, Biswas R, Ho KM (2002) All-metallic three-dimensional photonic crystals with a large infrared bandgap. Nature 417:52–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Narayanaswamy A, Cybulski J, Gang Chen (2004), 1D metallo-dielectric photonic crystals as selective emitters for thermophotovoltaic applications. Proceeding of the 6th international conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Freiburg, Germany, 14–16 June 2004. American Institute of Physics, pp 215–220

    Google Scholar 

  80. Chubb DL, Wolford DS, Meulenberg A, DiMatteo RS (2003) Semiconductor silicon as a selective emitter. Proceedings of the 5th conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Rome, Italy, 16–19 Sept 2002. American Institute of Physics, pp 174–200

    Google Scholar 

  81. Cockeram BV, Measures DP, Mueller AJ (1999) The development and testing of emissivity enhancement coatings for themophotovoltaic (TPV) radiator applications. Thin Solid Films 355–356:17–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Good BS, Chubb DL, Lowe RA (1997) Comparison of selective emitter and filter thermophotovoltaic systems. Proceeding of the 2nd NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Colorado Springs, 16–20 July 1995. American Institute of Physics, pp 16–34

    Google Scholar 

  83. Chubb DL, Good BS, Lowe RA (1996) Solar thermophotovoltaic (STPV) system with thermal energy storage. Proceedings of the 2nd NREL conference on thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity, Colorado, Springs, 16–20 July 1995. American Institute of Physics, pp 181–198

    Google Scholar 

  84. Dincer I (2002) Thermal energy storage systems as a key technology in energy conservation. Int J Energy Res 26:567–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Hahne E (2005) Heat Storage Media, In: Ullmanns encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  86. Ashcroft J, DePoy D (1997) Design considerations for a thermophotovoltaic energy converter using heat pipe radiators, Report, Kapl Atomic Power Laboratory, US, KAPL-P-000236

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Deutsches Zentrum für, Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Technische Thermodynamik, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany

    Dr. Thomas Bauer

Authors
  1. Dr. Thomas Bauer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thomas Bauer .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bauer, T. (2011). Radiators (Emitters). In: Thermophotovoltaics. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19965-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19965-3_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-19964-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-19965-3

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation