Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome is a common age-related, though often overlooked disorder which predisposes to a number of ocular complications, most notably glaucoma [32]. It is presently acknowledged as the most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma, accounting for the majority of glaucoma in some countries and for about 25% of all open-angle glaucomas worldwide [42]. PEX-associated open-angle glaucoma (PEX glaucoma, exfoliaion glaucoma, capsular glaucoma) develops in about half of patients with PEX syndrome over time [44]. It has been estimated that the number of people with PEX syndrome in the world varies between 60 and 100 million [43], and thus, the socioeconomic importance of the associated glaucoma has increased considerably in recent years. With an increasing mean age in western populations, PEX is increasing in prevalence, although it is not an integral part of aging but represents a distinct clinical entity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bergea B, Bodin L, Svedbergh B (1999) Impact of intraocular pressure regulation on visual fields in open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 106:997–1004
Brinchmann-Hansen O, Albrektsen T, Anmarkrud N (1993) Pilocarpine drops do not reduce intraocular pressure sufficiently in pseu-doexfoliation glaucoma. Eye 7:511–516
Damji KF, Bains HS, Stefansson E, Loftsdottir M, Sverrison T, Thorgeirsson E, Jonasson F, Got-tfredsdottir M, Allingham R (1998) Is pseudoex-foliation syndrome inherited? A review of genet-ic and nongenetic factors and a new observation. Ophthalmic Genetics 19:175–85
Forsius H (1988) Exfoliation syndrome in various ethnic populations. Acta Ophthalmol 184[Suppl]: 71–85
Gharagozloo NZ, Baker RH, Brubaker RF (1992) Aqueous dynamics in exfoliation syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 114:473–78
Gillies WE, Brooks AM (1988) The presentation of acute glaucoma in pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 16:101–106
Gillies WE, Brooks AMV (2002) Central retinal vein occlusion in pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 30:176–178
Gottanka J,Flügel-Koch C, Martus P, Johnson DH, Lütjen-Drecoll E (1997) Correlation of pseudoexfoliative material and optic nerve damage in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38:2435–46
Gross FJ, Tingey D, Epstein DL (1994) Increased prevalence of occludable angles and angle-closure glaucoma in patients with pseudoexfoliation. Am J Ophthalmol 117:333–336
Hammer Th, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Naumann GOH (2001) Unilateral or asymmetric pseudoex-foliation syndrome? An ultrastructural study. Arch Ophthalmol 119:1023–31
Harju M, Vesti E (2001) Blood flow of the optic nerve head and peripapillary retina in exfoliation syndrome with unilateral glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 239:271–77
Inazumi K, Takahashi D, Taniguchi T, Yamamoto T (2002) Ultrasound biomicroscopic classification of zonules in exfoliation syndrome. Jpn J Ophthalmol 46:502–509
Jacobi PC, Krieglstein GK (1995) Trabecular aspiration. A new mode to treat pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:2270–76
Jonas JB, Papastathopoulos KI (1997) Optic disk appearance in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 123:174–80
Kivelä T, Hietanen J, Uusitalo M (1997) Autopsy analysis of clinically unilateral exfoliation syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38:2008–2015
Koliakos GG, Konstas AGP, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Hollo G, Katsimbris IE, Georgiadis N, Ritch R (2003) 8-isoprostaglandin F2A and ascorbic acid concentration in the aqueous humour of patients with exfoliation syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 87: 353–56
Konstas AGP, Mantziris DA, Cate EA, Stewart WC (1997) Effect of timolol on the diurnal intraocular pressure in exfoliation and primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 115:975–979
Konstas AGP, Mantziris DA, Stewart WC (1997) Diurnal intraocular pressure in untreated exfoliation and primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 115:182–85
Konstas AGP, Stewart WC, Stromann GA (1997) Clinical presentation and initial treatment patterns in patients with exfoliation glaucoma versus primary open-angle glaucoma. Ophth Surg Lasers 28:111–17
Konstas AGP, Tsatsos I, Kardasopoulos A (1998) Preoperative features of patients with exfoliation glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma. The AHEPA study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 76:208–12
Konstas AGP, Maltezos A, Mantziris DA, Sine CS, Stewart WC (1999) The comparative ocular hypotensive effect of apraclonidine with timolol maleate in exfoliation versus primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Eye 13:314–318
Konstas AGP, Lake S, Maltezos AC, Holmes KT, Stewart WC (2001) Twenty-four hour intraocular pressure reduction with latanoprost compared with pilocarpine as third-line therapy in exfoliation glaucoma. Eye 15:59–62
Konstas AGP, Kozobolis VP, Tersis I, Leech J, Stewart WC (2003) The efficacy and safety of the timolol/dorzolamide fixed combination vs latanoprost in exfoliation glaucoma. Eye 17:41–46
Krause U, Helve J, Forsius H (1973) Pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule and liberation of iris pigment. Acta Ophthalmol 51:39–46
Krupin T, Feitl ME, Bishop KI (1989) Postoperative intraocular pressure rise in open-angle glaucoma patients after cataract or combined cataract-filtration surgery. Ophthalmology 96: 579–584
Küchle M, Nguyen N, Hannappel E, Naumann GOH (1995) The blood-aqueous barrier in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Ophthalmic Res 27(Suppl1):136–42
Lanzl IM, Merté RL, Graham AD (2000) Does head positioning influence anterior chamber depth in pseudoexfoliation syndrome? J Glaucoma 9:214–218
Lim MC, Doe EA, Vroman DT, Rosa RH, Parrish RK (2001) Late onset lens particle glaucoma as a consequence of spontaneous dislocation of an intraocular lens in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 132:261–63
Mardin CY, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Naumann GOH (2001) “Masked” pseudoexfoliation syn-drome in unoperated eyes with circular posterior synechiae. Arch Ophthalmol 119: 1500–04
Merkur A, Damji KF, Mintsioulis G, Hodge WG (2001) Intraocular pressure decrease after phacoemulsification in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. J Cataract Refract Surg 27:528–32
Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Smith W (1997) Association of pseudoexfoliation syndrome with increased vascular risk. Am J Ophthalmol 124:685–87
Naumann GOH, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Küchle M (1998) Pseudoexfoliation syndrome for the comprehensive ophthalmologist. Intraocular and systemic manifestations. Ophthalmology 105:951–68
Netland PA, Ye H, Streeten BW, Hernandez MR (1995) Elastosis of the lamina cribrosa in pseudoexfoliation syndrome with glaucoma. Ophthal-mology 102:878–86
Nguyen NX, Küchle M, Martus P, Naumann GOH (1999) Quantification of blood-aqueous barrier breakdown after trabeculectomy: pseudoexfoliation versus primary open-angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma 8:18–23
Orr AC, Robitaille JM, Price PA, Hamilton JR, Falvey DM, De Saint-Sardos AG, Pasternak S, Guernsey DL (2001) Exfoliation syndrome: clinical and genetic features. Ophthalmic Genetics 22:171–185
Prince AM, Streeten BW, Ritch R, Dark AJ, Sperling M (1987) Preclinical diagnosis of pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 105:1076–82
Puska P (1995) The amount of lens exfoliation and chamber-angle pigmentation in exfoliation syndrome with or without glaucoma. Acta Oph-thalmol Scand 73:226–32
Puska PM (2002) Unilateral exfoliation syn-drome: conversion to bilateral exfoliation and to glaucoma: a prospective 10-year follow-up study. J Glaucoma 11:517–524
Puska P, Vesti E, Tomita G, Ishida K, Raitta C (1999) Optic disc changes in normotensive persons with unilateral exfoliation syndrome: a 3-year follow-up study. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 237:457–462
Puska P, Vasara K, Harju M, Setälä K (2000) Corneal thickness and corneal endothelium in normotensive subjects with unilateral exfoliation syndrome. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 238:659–663
Ritch R (1994) Exfoliation syndrome and occludable angles. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 92:845–944
Ritch R (1996) Exfoliation syndrome — the most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma 3:176–78
Ritch R, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U (2001) Exfoliation syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol 45:265–315
Ritch R, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Konstas AGP (2003) Why is glaucoma associated with exfoliation syndrome? Progr Ret Eye Res 22:253–275
Sampaolesi R, Zarate J, Croxato O (1988) The chamber angle in exfoliation syndrome. Clinical and pathological findings. Acta Ophthalmol 184[Suppl]:48–53
Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Naumann GOH (1995) Trabecular meshwork in pseudoexfoliation syndrome with and without open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:1750–64
Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Koca M, Naumann GOH, Volkholz H (1992) Pseudoexfoliation syndrome: ocular manifestation of a systemic disorder? Arch Ophthalmol 110:1752–56
Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Küchle M, Naumann GOH (1999) Mechanisms of glaucoma development in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. In: Gramer E, Grehn F (eds) Pathogenesis and risk factors of glaucoma. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, Springer, pp 34–49.
Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Zenkel M, Küchle M, Sakai LY, Naumann GOH (2001) Role of transforming growth factor-ß1 and its latent form binding protein in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Exp Eye Res 73:765–80
Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Lommatzsch J, Küchle M, Konstas AGP, Naumann GOH (2003) Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in aqueous humor of patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome, pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, and primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:1117–25
Schumacher S, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Martus P, Lang W, Naumann GOH (2001) Pseudoexfoliation syndrome and aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. The Lancet 357:359–60
Streeten BW (1993) Aberrant synthesis and aggregation of elastic tissue components in pseudoexfoliative fibrillopathy: a unifying concept. New Trends Ophthalmol 8:187–196
Streeten BW, Li ZY, Wallace RN, Eagle RCJ, Keshgegian AA (1992) Pseudoexfoliative fibril-lopathy in visceral organs of a patient with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 110:1757–1762
Tarkkanen A, Kivelä T (1999) Unilateral capsular glaucoma after long-standing bilateral pigmentary glaucoma. Eye 13:212–214
Tetsumoto K, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Küchle M, Dörfler S, Naumann GOH (1992) Precapsular layer of the anterior lens capsule in early pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Oph-thalmol 230, 252–57
Teus MA, Castejón MA, Calvo MA, Pérez-Salaíces P, Marcos A (1998) Intraocular pressure as a risk factor for visual field loss in pseudoexfoliative and in primary open-angle glaucoma. Ophthal-mology 105:2225–30
Tezel G, Tezel TH (1993) The comparative analysis of optic disc damage in exfoliative glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol 71:744–750
Threlkeld AB, Hertzmark E, Sturm RT, Epstein DL, Allingham RR (1996) Comparative study of the efficacy of argon laser trabeculoplasty for exfoliation and primary open-angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma 5:311–316
Vessani RM, Ritch R, Liebmann JM, Jofe M (2003) Plasma homocysteine is elevated in patients with exfoliation syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 136:41–46
Von der Lippe I, Küchle M, Naumann GOH (1993) Pseudoexfoliation syndrome as a risk factor for acute ciliary block angle closure glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol 71:277–79
Wishart PK, Spaeth GL, Poryzees EM (1985) Anterior chamber angle in the exfoliation syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 69:103–107
Yüksel N, Karabas L, Arslan A, Demirci A, Caglar Y (2001) Ocular hemodynamics in pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Ophthalmology 108:1043–49
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schlötzer-Schrehardt, U., Naumann, G.O.H. (2004). Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma. In: Glaucoma. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18633-2_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18633-2_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-40608-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18633-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive