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Effect-Directed Analysis of Mutagens in Ambient Airborne Particles

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Effect-Directed Analysis of Complex Environmental Contamination

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 15))

Abstract

This chapter reviews the major advances and challenges in effect-directed analysis (EDA) of mutagenic chemicals in ambient airborne particles. Mutagens are chemicals that can cause mutations – inheritable changes in the genetic code that can give rise to adverse health effects. The majority of studies dealing with EDA of mutagens in airborne particles combine liquid chromatographic fractionation of particle extracts with short-term mutagenicity assays and chemical analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A variety of bacterial and human-cell lines with different metabolic capabilities have been used, allowing the measurement of different classes of chemical mutagens. The mutagens most frequently detected in non-polar and semi-polar fractions of airborne particles include unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and substituted PAH, such as alkyl-PAH, nitro-PAH, hydroxynitro-PAH, nitro-PAH lactones, and PAH ketones. These compounds account for <20–25% of the total mutagenicity of unfractionated samples. The remaining mutagenicity is present in fractions containing more polar compounds. Analytical challenges that have slowed the pace of mutagen identification include the chemical complexity of particle extracts and their fractions, relative paucity of reference standards (particularly polar compounds), and interaction effects among sample constituents. The use of other genotoxicity measures, such as DNA-adduct formation and DNA damage, may help to identify the most important genotoxic compounds in airborne particles. Similarly, EDA studies of size-fractionated airborne particles may help to identify mutagens and other genotoxic chemicals in those size fractions most relevant to human health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, 018 Anderson Hall, Medford, MA, 02155, USA

    John L. Durant

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA

    Arthur L. Lafleur

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  2. Arthur L. Lafleur
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  1. for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ Helmholtz Centre, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, 04318, Sachsen, Germany

    Werner Brack

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Durant, J.L., Lafleur, A.L. (2011). Effect-Directed Analysis of Mutagens in Ambient Airborne Particles. In: Brack, W. (eds) Effect-Directed Analysis of Complex Environmental Contamination. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry(), vol 15. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18384-3_9

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