Abstract
In order to avoid a bias toward highly toxic but poorly bioavailable compounds in the effect-directed analysis (EDA) of soils and sediments, approaches are discussed to consider bioavailability in EDA procedures. In parallel, complimentary approaches for making toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) more capable of performing high resolution fractionation, toxicant isolation and identification are described. These approaches focus on three processes including bioaccessibility based on desorption kinetics from the abiotic matrix, activity driven partitioning into pore water and biota tissue or a biomimetic tool, and EDA and TIE in tissues and body fluids representing toxicological bioavailability including the toxicokinetics of the selected organism. Bioaccessibility may be addressed by extraction procedures that are designed to yield rapidly desorbing fractions including mild solvent extraction, desorption into water with subsequent adsorption to a competitive adsorbent such as TENAX® or cyclodextrin, supercritical fluid extraction, or biomimetic extraction with gut fluids of potentially affected organisms. While equilibrium partitioning-based extraction procedures may simulate partitioning into biota quite well they often fail to provide sufficient amounts of toxicants for subsequent EDA and TIE. Partition-based dosing, which may be combined with bioaccessibility-directed extraction methods, provides an excellent tool to simulate partitioning in sediments and to provide constant and well-defined concentrations in bioassays. EDA studies in fish and mussel tissues as well as in fish bile demonstrate the potency of the identification of bioavailable toxicants in biota. Continued research on the described approaches promises to improve the usefulness of both EDA and TIE in future applications.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Theobald N, Lange W, Gählert W, Renner F (1995) Mass spectrometric investigations of water extracts of the river Elbe for the determination of potential inputs of pollutants into the North Sea. Fresenius J Anal Chem 353:50–56
Schuetzle D, Lewtas J (1986) Bioassay-directed chemical analysis in environmental research. Anal Chem 58:1060A–1075A
Brack W (2003) Effect-directed analysis: a promising tool for the identification of organic toxicants in complex mixtures. Anal Bioanal Chem 377:397–407
Bandow N, Altenburger R, Streck G, Brack W (2009) Effect-directed analysis of contaminated sediments with partition-based dosing using green algae cell multiplication inhibition. Environ Sci Technol 43:7343–7349
Brack W, Bandow N, Schwab K, Schulze T, Streck G (2009) Bioavailability in effect-directed analysis of organic toxicants in sediments. Trends Analyt Chem 28:543–549
Norberg-King TJ, Mount DI, Durhan EJ, Ankley GT, Burkhard LP, Amato JR, Lukasewycz MT, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Anderson-Carnahan L (1991) Methods for aquatic toxicity identification evaluations. Phase I toxicity characterization procedures (EPA/600/6-91/003). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
Mount DI, Anderson-Carnahan L (1989) Methods for aquatic toxicity identification evaluations. Phase II toxicity identification procedures (EPA/600/3-88/035). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
Mount DI, Norberg-King TJ, Ankley GT, Burkhard LP, Durhan EJ, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Lukasewycz M (1993) Methods for aquatic toxicity identification evaluations. Phase III toxicity confirmation procedures for samples exhibiting acute and chronic toxicity, vol EPA/600/R-92/081. Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2007) Sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) phases I, II and III: guidance document (EPA/600/R-07/080). Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, USA
Burgess RM, Ho KT, Biales AD, Brack W (2011) Recent developments in whole sediment toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs): innovations in manipulations and endpoints. In: Brack W (ed) Effect directed analysis of complex environmental contamination: the hand-book of environmental chemistry. Springer, Berlin
United States Environmental Protection Agency (1991) Technical support document for water quality-based toxics control, vol EPA/505/2–90–001. Office of Water, Washington, DC
Harmsen J (2007) Measuring bioavailability: from a scientific approach to standard methods. J Environ Qual 36:1420–1428
Luthy RG, Aiken GR, Brusseau ML, Cunningham SD, Gschwend PM, Pignatello JJ, Reinhard M, Traina SJ, Weber WJ, Westall JC (1997) Sequestration of hydrophobic organic contaminants by geosorbents. Environ Sci Technol 31:3341–3347
Cornelissen G, Gustafsson O, Bucheli TD, Jonker MTO, Koelmans AA, van Noort PCM (2005) Extensive sorption of organic compounds to black carbon, coal, and kerogen in sediments and soils: mechanisms and consequences for distribution, bioaccumulation, and biodegradation. Environ Sci Technol 39:6881–6895
Reichenberg F, Mayer P (2006) Two complementary sides of bioavailability: accessibility and chemical activity of organic contaminants in sediments and soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:1239–1245
Landrum PF, Dupuis WS, Kukkonen J (1994) Toxicokinetics and toxicity of sediment-associated pyrene and phenanthrene in Diporeia spp. – examination of equilibrium-partitioning theory and residue-based effects for assessing hazard. Environ Toxicol Chem 13:1769–1780
Ho KT, Burgess RM, Pelletier MC, Serbst JR, Cook H, Cantwell MG, Ryba SA, Perron MM, Lebo J, Huckins JN, Petty J (2004) Use of powdered coconut charcoal as a toxicity identification and evaluation manipulation for organic toxicants in marine sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:2124–2131
Ho KT, Burgess RM (2009) Marine sediment toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs): history, principles, methods, and future research. In: Kassim TA, Barcelo D (eds) Contaminated sediments, vol 5T. Springer, Heidelberg
Burgess RM, Cantwell MG, Pelletier MC, Ho KT, Serbst JR, Cook HF, Kuhn A (2000) Development of a toxicity identification evaluation procedure for characterizing metal toxicity in marine sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 19:982–991
Pignatello JJ, Xing B (1996) Mechanisms of slow sorption of organic chemicals to natural particles. Environ Sci Technol 30:1–11
Cornelissen G, vanNoort PCM, Parsons JR, Govers HAJ (1997) Temperature dependence of slow adsorption and desorption kinetics of organic compounds in sediments. Environ Sci Technol 31:454–460
Kukkonen JVK, Landrum PF, Mitra S, Gossiaux DC, Gunnarsson J, Weston D (2003) Sediment characteristics affecting desorption kinetics of select PAH and PCB congeners for seven laboratory spiked sediments. Environ Sci Technol 37:4656–4663
Cornelissen G, van Zuilen H, van Noort PCM (1999) Particle size dependence of slow desorption of in situ PAHs from sediments. Chemosphere 38:2369–2380
Oen AMP, Breedveld GD, Kalaitzidid S, Christianis K, Cornelissen G (2006) How quality and quantity of organic matter affect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption from Norwegian harbor sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:1258–1267
Cornelissen G, van der Pal M, van Noort PCM, Govers HAJ (1999) Competitive effects on the slow desorption of organic compounds from sediments. Chemosphere 39:1971–1981
Liste HH, Alexander M (2002) Butanol extraction to predict bioavailability of PAHs in soil. Chemosphere 46:1011–1017
Kelsey JW, Kottler BD, Alexander M (1997) Selective chemical extractants to predict bioavailability of soil-aged organic chemicals. Environ Sci Technol 31:214–217
Tang JX, Alexander M (1999) Mild extractability and bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 18:2711–2714
Björklund E, Nilsson T, Bøwadt S, Pilorz K, Mathiasson L, Hawthorne SB (2000) Introducing selective supercritical fluid extraction as a new tool for determining sorption/desorption behavior and bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants in sediment. J Biochem Biophys Meth 43:295–311
Hawthorne SB, Poppendieck DG, Grabanski CB, Loehr RC (2002) Comparing PAH availability from manufactured gas plant soils and sediments with chemical and biological tests. 1. PAH release during water desorption and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Environ Sci Technol 36:4795–4803
Jonker MTO, Hawthorne SB, Koelmans AA (2005) Extremely slowly desorbing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soot and soot-like materials: evidence by supercritical fluid extraction. Environ Sci Technol 39:7889–7895
Hawthorne SB, Grabanski CB (2000) Correlating selective supercritical fluid extraction with bioremediation behavior of PAHs in a field treatment plot. Environ Sci Technol 34:4103–4110
Nilsson T, Sporring S, Bjorklund E (2003) Selective supercritical fluid extraction to estimate the fraction of PCB that is bioavailable to a benthic organism in a naturally contaminated sediment. Chemosphere 53:1049–1052
Latawiec AE, Swindell AL, Reid BJ (2008) Environmentally friendly assessment of organic compound bioaccessibility using sub-critical water. Environ Pollut 156:467–473
Cornelissen G, Rigterink H, Ferdinandy MMA, van Noort PCM (1998) Rapidly desorbing fractions of PAHs in contaminated sediments as a predictor of the extent of bioremediation. Environ Sci Technol 32:966–970
Cornelissen G, Rigterink H, ten Hulscher DEM, Vrind BA, van Noort PCM (2001) A simple Tenax extraction method to determine the availability of sediment-sorbed organic compounds. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:706–711
Loehr RC, Fellow ASCE, Webster MT (2000) Decreased release of PAHs from soils as a result of field remediation. Pract Period Hazard Tox Radioact Waste Manag 4:118–125
Lei L, Suidan MT, Khodadoust AP, Tabak HH (2004) Assessing the bioavailability of PAHs in field-contaminated sediment using XAD-2 assisted desorption. Environ Sci Technol 38:1786–1793
Reid BJ, Stokes JD, Jones KC, Semple KT (2000) Nonexhaustive cyclodextrin-based extraction technique for the evaluation of PAH bioavailability. Environ Sci Technol 34:3174–3179
Cuypers C, Pancras T, Grotenhuis T, Rulkens W (2002) The estimation of PAH bioavailability in contaminated sediments using hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and Triton X-100 extraction techniques. Chemosphere 46:1235–1245
Rosende M, Miró M, Cerdà V (2010) Fluidized-bed column method for automatic dynamic extraction and determination of trace element bioaccessibility in highly heterogeneous solid wastes. Anal Chim Acta 658:41–48
Swindell AL, Reid BJ (2006) Comparison of selected non-exhaustive extraction techniques to assess PAH availability in dissimilar soils. Chemosphere 62:1126–1134
Kubatova A, Jansen B, Vaudoisot JF, Hawthorne SB (2002) Thermodynamic and kinetic models for the extraction of essential oil from savory and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil with hot (subcritical) water and supercritical CO2. J Chromatogr A 975:175–188
Shieh WJ, Hedges AR (1996) Properties and applications of cyclodextrins. J Macromol Sci Pure Appl Chem A33:673–683
Mayer P, Karlson U, Christensen PS, Johnsen AR, Trapp S (2005) Quantifying the effect of medium composition on the diffusive mass transfer of hydrophobic organic chemicals through unstirred boundary layers. Environ Sci Technol 39:6123–6129
Reid BJ, Jones KC, Semple KT (2000) Bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants in soils and sediments: a perspective on mechanisms, consequences and assessment. Environ Pollut 108:103–112
Reid BJ, Stokes JD, Jones KC, Semple KT (2004) Influence of hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin on the extraction and biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:550–556
Doick KJ, Dew NM, Semple KT (2005) Linking catabolism to cyclodextrin extractability: determination of the microbial availability of PAHs in soil. Environ Sci Technol 39:8858–8864
Dew NM, Paton GI, Semple KT (2005) Prediction of [3-C-14]phenyldodecane biodegradation in cable insulating oil-spiked soil using selected extraction techniques. Environ Pollut 138:316–323
Rusa CC, Luca C, Tonelli AE (2001) Polymer-cyclodextrin inclusion compounds: toward new aspects of their inclusion mechanism. Macromolecules 34:1318–1322
Stokes JD, Wilkinson A, Reid BJ, Jones KC, Semple KT (2005) Prediction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation in contaminated soils using an aqueous hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin extraction technique. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:1325–1330
Johnsen AR, de Lipthay JR, Reichenberg F, Sorensen SJ, Andersen O, Christensen P, Binderup ML, Jacobsen CS (2006) Biodegradation, bioaccessibility, and genotoxicity of diffuse polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution at a motorway site. Environ Sci Technol 40:3293–3298
Stroud JL, Paton GI, Semple KT (2008) Linking chemical extraction to microbial degradation of C-14-hexadecane in soil. Environ Pollut 156:474–481
Fai PB, Grant A, Reid BJ (2009) Compatibility of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin with algal toxicity bioassays. Environ Pollut 157:135–140
Puglisi E, Murk AJ, van den Bergt HJ, Grotenhuis T (2007) Extraction and bioanalysis of the ecotoxicologically relevant fraction of contaminants in sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 26:2122–2128
Cornelissen G, Rigterink H, Vrind BA, tenHulscher TEM, Ferdinandy MMA, vanNoort PCM (1997) Two-stage desorption kinetics and in situ partitioning of hexachlorobenzene and dichlorobenzenes in a contaminated sediment. Chemosphere 35:2405–2416
Cornelissen G, van Noort PCM, Govers HAJ (1997) Desorption kinetics of chlorobenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls: sediment extraction with TENAX and effects of contact time and solute hydrophobicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 16:1351–1357
Greenberg MS, Burton GA, Landrum PF, Leppanen MT, Kukkonen JVK (2005) Desorption kinetics of fluoranthene and trifluralin from Lake Huron and Lake Erie, USA, sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:31–39
You J, Landrum PF, Lydy MJ (2006) Comparison of chemical approaches for assessing bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 40:6348–6353
You I, Pehkonen S, Landrum PF, Lydy MJ (2007) Desorption of hydrophobic compounds from laboratory-spiked Sediments measured by Tenax absorbent and matrix solid-phase microextraction. Environ Sci Technol 41:5672–5678
Morrison DE, Robertson BK, Alexander M (2000) Bioavailability to earthworms of aged DDT, DDE, DDD, and dieldrin in soil. Environ Sci Technol 34:709–713
Macrae JD, Hall KJ (1998) Comparison of methods used to determine the availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediment. Environ Sci Technol 32:3809–3815
Landrum PF, Robinson SD, Gossiaux DC, You J, Lydy MJ, Mitra S, Ten Hulscher TEM (2007) Predicting bioavailability of sediment-associated organic contaminants for Diporeia spp. and Oligochaetes. Environ Sci Technol 41:6442–6447
Schwab K, Altenburger R, Lübcke-von Varel U, Streck G, Brack W (2009) Effect-directed analysis of sediment-associated algal toxicants at selected hot spots in the river Elbe basin with a special focus on bioaccessibility. Environ Toxicol Chem 28:1506–1517
Schwab K, Brack W (2007) Large volume TENAX© extraction of the bioaccessible fraction of sediment-associated organic compounds for a subsequent effect-directed analysis. J Soils Sediments 7:178–186
de la Cal A, Eljarrat E, Grotenhuis T, Barcelo D (2008) Tenax (R) extraction as a tool to evaluate the availability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, DDT, and DDT metabolites in sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 27:1250–1256
Kukkonen JVK, Landrum PF, Mitra S, Cossiaux DC, Gunnarsson J, Weston D (2004) The role of desorption for describing the bioavailability of select polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners for seven laboratory-spiked sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:1842–1851
Kraaij R, Seinen W, Tolls J (2002) Direct evidence of sequestration in sediments affecting the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic chemicals to benthic deposit-feeders. Environ Sci Technol 36:3525–3529
Sormunen AJ, Leppanen MT, Kukkonen JVK (2008) Influence of sediment ingestion and exposure concentration on the bioavailable fraction of sediment-associated tetrachlorobiphenyl in oligochaetes. Environ Toxicol Chem 27:854–863
Oen AMP, Schaanning M, Ruus A, Cornelissen G, Kallqvist T, Breedveld GD (2006) Predicting low biota to sediment accumulation factors of PAHs by using infinite-sink and equilibrium extraction methods as well as BC-inclusive modeling. Chemosphere 64:1412–1420
Kraaij R, Mayer P, Busser FJM, Bolscher MV, Seinen W, Tolls J (2003) Measured pore-water concentrations make equilibrium partitioning work: a data analysis. Environ Sci Technol 37:268–274
ten Hulscher TEM, Postma J, den Besten PJ, Stroomberg GJ, Belfroid A, Wegener JW, Faber JH, van der Pol JJC, Hendriks AJ, van Noort PCM (2003) Tenax extraction mimics benthic and terrestrial bioavailability of organic compounds. Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2258–2265
Sormunen AJ, Koistinen J, Leppanen MT, Kukkonen JVK (2008) Desorption of sediment-associated polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, diphenyl ethers and hydroxydiphenyl ethers from contaminated sediment. Chemosphere 72:1–7
Leppänen MT, Kukkonen JVK (2006) Evaluating the role of desorption in bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants using oligochaetes, semipermeable membrane devices and Tenax extraction. Environ Pollut 140:150–163
Leppänen MT, Landrum PF, Kukkonen JVK, Greenberg MS, Burton GA, Robinson SD, Gossiaux DC (2003) Investigating the role of desorption on the bioavailability of sediment-associated TCBP in benthic invertebrates. Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2861–2871
Perron MM, Burgess RM, Ho KT, Pelletier MC, Friedman CL, Cantwell MG, Shine JP (in press) Limitations of reverse polyethylene samplers (RePES) for evaluating field contaminated sediments
Weber WJ, Young TM (1997) A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments. 6. Mechanistic implications of desorption under supercritical fluid conditions. Environ Sci Technol 31:1686–1691
Björklund E, Bowadt S, Mathiasson L, Hawthorne SB (1999) Determining PCB sorption/desorption behavior on sediments using selective supercritical fluid extraction. 1. Desorption from historically contaminated samples. Environ Sci Technol 33:2193–2203
Bartle KD, Clifford AA, Hawthorne SB, Langenfeld JJ, Miller DJ, Robinson R (1990) A model for dynamic extraction using a supercritical fluid. J Supercrit Fluids 3:143–149
Pilorz K, Björklund E, Bøwadt S, Mathiasson L, Hawthorne SB (1999) Determining PCB sorption/desorption behavior on sediments using selective supercritical fluid extraction. 2. Describing PCB extraction with simple diffusion models. Environ Sci Technol 33:2204–2212
Hawthorne SB, Poppendieck DG, Grabanski CB, Loehr RC (2001) PAH release during water desorption, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, and field bioremediation. Environ Sci Technol 35:4577–4583
Hawthorne SB, Lanno R, Kreitinger JP (2005) Reduction in acute toxicity of soils to terrestrial oligochaetes following the removal of bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with mild supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:1893–1895
Mayer LM, Chen Z, Findlay RH, Fang J, Sampson S, Self RFL, Jumars PA, Quetél C, Donard OFX (1996) Bioavailability of sedimentary contaminants subject to deposit-feeder digestion. Environ Sci Technol 30:2641–2645
Weston DP, Mayer LM (1998) In vitro digestive fluid extraction as a measure of the bioavailability of sediment-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources of variation and implications for partitioning models. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:820–829
Weston DP, Mayer LM (1998) Comparison of in vivo digestive fluid extraction and traditional in vivo approaches as measures of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability from sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:830–840
Voparil IM, Mayer LM (2000) Dissolution of sedimentary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into the lugworm’s (Arenicola marina) digestive fluids. Environ Sci Technol 34:1221–1228
Voparil IM, Mayer LM, Place AR (2003) Interactions among contaminants and nutritional lipids during mobilization by digestive fluids of marine invertebrates. Environ Sci Technol 37:3117–3122
Voparil IM, Burgess RM, Mayer LM, Tien R, Cantwell MG, Ryba SA (2004) Digestive bioavailability to a deposit feeder (Arenicola marina) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with anthropogenic particles. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:2618–2626
Weston DP, Maruya KA (2002) Predicting bioavailability and bioaccumulation with in vitro digestive fluid extraction. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:962–971
Voparil JM, Mayer LM (2004) Commercially available chemicals that mimic a deposit feeder’s (Arenicola marina) digestive solubilization of lipids. Environ Sci Technol 38:4334–4339
Simpson SL, Burston VL, Jolley DF, Chau K (2006) Application of surrogate methods for assessing the bioavailability of PAHs in sediments to a sediment ingesting bivalve. Chemosphere 65:2401–2410
Nakajima F, Baun A, Ledin A, Mikkelsen PS (2005) A novel method for evaluating bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of an urban stream. Water Sci Technol 51:275–281
Nakajima F, Saito K, Isozaki Y, Furumai H, Christensen AM, Baun A, Ledin A, Mikkelsen PS (2006) Transfer of hydrophobic contaminants in urban runoff particles to benthic organisms estimated by an in vitro bioaccessibility test. Water Sci Technol 54:323–330
Burgess RM, McKinney RA, Brown WA (1996) Enrichment of marines sediment colloids with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): trends resulting from PCB solubility and chlorination. Environ Sci Technol 30:2556–2566
Lee S, Gan J, Liu WP, Anderson MA (2003) Evaluation of Kd underestimation using solid phase microextraction. Environ Sci Technol 37:5597–5602
Huckins JN, Tubergen MW, Manuweera GK (1990) Semipermeable membrane devices containing model lipid: a new approach to monitoring the bioavailability of lipophilic contaminants and estimating their bioconcentration potential. Chemosphere 20:533–552
Lebo JA, Huckins JN, Petty JD, Ho KT, Stern EA (2000) Selective removal of organic contaminants from sediments: a methodology for toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs). Chemosphere 40:811–819
Booij K, Sleiderink HM, Smedes F (1998) Calibrating the uptake kinetics of semipermeable membrane devices using exposure standards. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:1236–1245
Adams RG, Lohmann R, Fernandez LA, MacFarlane JK (2007) Polyethylene devices: passive samplers for measuring dissolved hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic environments. Environ Sci Technol 41:1317–1323
Vinturella AE, Burgess RM, Coull BA, Thompson KM, Shine JP (2004) Use of passive samplers to mimic uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by benthic polychaetes. Environ Sci Technol 38:1154–1160
Friedman CL, Burgess RM, Perron MM, Cantwell MG, Ho KT, Lohmann R (2009) Comparing polychaete and polyethylene uptake to assess sediment resuspension effects on PCB bioavailability. Environ Sci Technol 43:2865–2870
Arthur CL, Pawliszyn J (1990) Solid-phase microextraction with thermal-desorption using fused-silica optical fibers. Anal Chem 62:2145–2148
Mayer P, Vaes WHJ, Wijnker F, Legierse KCHM, Kraaij RH, Tolls J, Hermens JLM (2000) Sensing dissolved sediment porewater concentrations of persistent and bioaccumulative pollutants using disposable solid-phase microextraction fibers. Environ Sci Technol 34:5177–5183
Van der Wal L, Jager T, Fleuren RHLJ, Barendregt A, Sinnige TL, Van Gestel CAM, Hermens JLM (2004) Solid-phase microextraction to predict bioavailability and accumulation of organic micropollutants in terrestrial organisms after exposure to a field-contaminated soil. Environ Sci Technol 38:4842–4848
Rusina TP, Smedes F, Klanova J, Booij K, Holoubek I (2007) Polymer selection for passive sampling: a comparison of critical properties. Chemosphere 68:1344–1351
Yates K, Davies I, Webster L, Pollard P, Lawton L, Moffat C (2007) Passive sampling: partition coefficients for a silicone rubber reference phase. J Environ Monit 9:1116–1121
Jonker MTO, Koelmans AA (2001) Polyoxymethylene solid phase extraction as a partitioning method for hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediment and soot. Environ Sci Technol 35:3742–3748
Mayer P, Wernsing J, Tolls J, de Maagd PGJ, Sijm DTHM (1999) Establishing and controlling dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic organics by partitioning from a solid phase. Environ Sci Technol 33:2284–2290
Brown RS, Akhtar P, Akerman J, Hampel L, Kozin IS, Villerius LA, Klamer HJC (2001) Partition controlled delivery of hydrophobic substances in toxicity tests using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) films. Environ Sci Technol 35:4097–4102
Smith KEC, Dom N, Blust R, Mayer P (2010) Controlling and maintaining exposure of hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic toxicity tests by passive dosing. Aquat Toxicol 98:15–24
Smith KEC, Oostingh GJ, Mayer P (2010) Passive dosing for producing defined and constant exposure of hydrophobic organic compounds during in vitro toxicity tests. Chem Res Toxicol 23:55–65
Birch H, Gouliarmou V, Lutzhoft HCH, Mikkelsen PS, Mayer P (2010) Passive dosing to determine the speciation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in aqueous samples. Anal Chem 82:1142–1146
Heinis LJ, Highland TL, Mount DR (2004) Method for testing the aquatic toxicity of sediment extracts for use in identifying organic toxicants in sediments. Environ Sci Technol 38:6256–6262
Perron MM, Burgess RM, Ho KT, Pelletier MC, Friedman CL, Cantwell MG, Shine JP (2009) Development and evaluation of reverse polyethylene samplers for marine phase II whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluations. Environ Toxicol Chem 28:749–758
Kiparissis Y, Akhtar P, Hodson P, Brown RS (2003) Partition-controlled delivery of toxicants: a novel in vivo approach for embryo toxicity testing. Environ Sci Technol 37:2262–2266
Bandow N, Altenburger R, Lübcke-von Varel U, Paschke A, Streck G, Brack W (2009) Partitioning-based dosing: an approach to include bioavailability in the effect-directed analysis of contaminated sediment samples. Environ Sci Technol 43:3891–3896
Lübcke-von Varel U, Streck G, Brack W (2008) Automated fractionation procedure for polycyclic aromatic compounds in sediment extracts on three coupled normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 1185:31–42
Hewitt LM, Parrott JL, Wells KL, Calp MK, Biddiscombe S, McMaster ME, Munkittrick KR, Van der Kraak GJ (2000) Characteristics of ligands for the Ah receptor and sex steroid receptors in hepatic tissues of fish exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent. Environ Sci Technol 34:4327–4334
Hewitt LM, Pryce AC, Parrott JL, Marlatt V, Wood C, Oakes K, Van der Kraak GJ (2003) Accumulation of ligands for aryl hydrocarbon and sex steroid receptors in fish exposed to treated effluent from a bleached sulfite/groundwood pulp and paper mill. Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2890–2897
Hewitt M, Schryer R, Pryce A, Belknap A, Firth B, van der Kraak G (2005) Accumulation of hormonally active substances by wild white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) exposed to effluents discharged to the Wabigoon river. Water Qual Res J Can 40:315–327
Houtman CJ, van Oostveen AM, Brouwer A, Lamoree M, Legler J (2004) Identification of estrogenic compounds in fish bile using bioassay-directed fractionation. Environ Sci Technol 38:6415–6423
Donkin P, Smith EL, Rowland SJ (2003) Toxic effects of unresolved complex mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbons accumulated by mussels, Mytilus edulis, from contaminated field sites. Environ Sci Technol 37:4825–4830
Ho KT, Burgess RM, Pelletier MC, Serbst JR, Ryba SA, Cantwell MG, Kuhn A, Raczelowski P (2002) An overview of toxicant identification in sediments and dredged materials. Mar Pollut Bull 44:286–293
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brack, W., Burgess, R.M. (2011). Considerations for Incorporating Bioavailability in Effect-Directed Analysis and Toxicity Identification Evaluation. In: Brack, W. (eds) Effect-Directed Analysis of Complex Environmental Contamination. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry(), vol 15. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18384-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18384-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-18383-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18384-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)