Skip to main content

Non-timber Forest Products and Conservation: What Prospects?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Tropical Forestry ((TROPICAL,volume 7))

Abstract

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) were hailed as a “silver bullet” to provide the economic incentives to conserve standing forests while contributing to local livelihoods. While the livelihood benefits of NTFPs have been widely acknowledged, the contribution of the NTFP sector to biodiversity conservation is less certain. Despite increasing skepticism of the ability of NTFPs to contribute to conservation, their promotion and development remains a readily implemented tool for many site level conservation projects. However, this chapter dispels certain assumptions related to NTFP sustainability and the links between NTFP extraction systems and conservation. We conclude that the links are generally tenuous to say the least and suggest that perceptions of the relative value of NTFPs in terms of biodiversity conservation need to be revised.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alcorn J (1993) Indigenous peoples and conservation. Conserv Biol 7:424–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alcorn J (1995) Economic botany, conservation and development: what’s the connection? Ann Mo Bot Gard 82:34–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrose-Oji B (2003) The contribution of NTFPs to the livelihoods of the “forest poor”: evidence from the tropical forest zone in south-west Cameroon. Int Forest Rev 5:106–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angelsen A, Wunder S (2003) Exploring the forest-poverty link: key concepts, issues and research implications. CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 40, CIFOR, Bogor

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold JEM, Ruiz-Pérez M (2001) Can non-timber forest products match tropical forest conservation and development objectives? Ecol Econ 39:437–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aubertin C (2004) Cardamom (Amomum spp.) in Lao PDR: the hazardous future of an agroforest system product. In: Kusters K, Belcher B (eds) Forest products, livelihoods and conservation: case studies of non-timber forest product systems, Vol. 1 – Asia. CIFOR, Bogor, pp 43–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Belcher B, Kusters K (2004) Non-timber forest product commercialisation: development and conservation lessons. Vol. 1 – Asia. In: Kusters K, Belcher B (eds) Forest products, livelihoods and conservation: case studies of non-timber forest product systems. CIFOR, Bogor, pp 1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Belcher B, Schreckenberg K (2007) Commercialisation of non-timber forest products: a reality check. Dev Policy Rev 25:355–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belcher B, Rujehan IN, Achdiawan R (2004) Rattan, rubber or oil palm: cultural and financial considerations for farmers in Kalimantan. Econ Bot 58:77–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boot RGA, Gullison RE (1995) Approaches to developing sustainable extraction systems for tropical forest products. Ecol Appl 5:896–903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brockway L (2002) Science and colonial expansion, the role of the British Royal Botanic Gardens. Yale University Press, Newhaven

    Google Scholar 

  • Browder JO (1992a) Social and economic constraints on the development of market-oriented extractive reserves in Amazon rain forests. Adv Econ Bot 9:33–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Browder JO (1992b) The limits of extractivism: tropical forest strategies beyond extractive reserves. BioScience 42:174–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cernea MM (2005) ‘Restriction of access’ is displacement: a broader concept and policy. Forced Migr Rev 23:48–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Chape S, Harrison J, Spalding M, Lysenko I (2005) Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator of meeting global biodiversity targets. Philos Trans R Soc B 360:443–455

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coad L, Burgess N, Fish L, Ravillious C, Corrigan C, Pavese H, Granziera A, Besançon C (2009) Progress towards the Convention of Biological Diversity terrestrial 2010 and marine 2012 targets for protected area coverage. Parks 17:35–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Colfer C (1997) Beyond slash and burn: building on indigenous management of Borneo’s tropical rain forests. Adv Econ Bot. Vol. II, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham AB (2000) Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • De Beer J, McDermott M (1989) The economic value of non-timber forest products in Southeast Asia. Netherlands Committee for IUCN, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Dove M (1993) A revisionist view of tropical deforestation and development. Env Conserv 20:17–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dove M (1995) Political versus techno-economic factors in the development of non-timber forest products: lessons from a comparison of natural and cultivated rubbers in southeast Asia (and South America). Soc Nat Res 8:193–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falconer J (1990) The major significance of ‘minor’ forest products: the local use and value of forests in the West African humid forest zone. Forests, Trees and People, Community Forestry Note No.6, FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Farnsworth N (1988) Screening plants for new medicines. In: Wilson EO (ed) Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, pp 83–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Fearnside PM (1989) Extractive reserves in Brazilian Amazonia. BioScience 9:387–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freese CH (1997) The “use it or lose it” debate: issues of a conservation paradox. In: Freese C (ed) Harvesting wild species: implications for biodiversity conservation. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp 1–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Godoy RA, Bawa KS (1993) The economic value and sustainable harvest of plants and animals from the tropical forest: assumptions, hypotheses and methods. Econ Bot 47:215–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godoy R, Wilkie D, Overman H, Cubas A, Cubas G, Demmer J, McSweeney K, Brokaw N (2000) Valuation of consumption and sale of forest goods from a Central American rain forest. Nature 406:62–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gradwohl J, Greenberg R (1988) Saving the tropical forests. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Guariguata MR, Cronkleton P, Shanley P, Taylor PL (2008) The compatibility of timber and non-timber forest product extraction and management. For Ecol Manage 256:1477–1481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall P, Bawa K (1993) Methods to assess the impact of extraction of non-timber forest products on plant populations. Econ Bot 47:234–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton AC (ed) (2008) Medicinal plants in conservation and development: case studies and lessons learnt. Plantlife International, Salisbury

    Google Scholar 

  • Hecht SB, Anderson AB, May P (1988) The subsidy from nature: shifting cultivation, successional palm forests and rural development. Hum Org 47:25–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobhouse H (1999) Seeds of change: six plants that transformed mankind. Papermac, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Homma AKO (1992) The dynamics of extraction in Amazonia: a historical perspective. Adv Econ Bot 9:23–31

    Google Scholar 

  • http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art20 Cited 25 November 2008

  • Hutton JM, Adams WM, Murombedzi JC (2005) Back to the barriers? Changing narratives in biodiversity conservation. Forum Dev Stud 2:341–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiss A (2004) Making biodiversity conservation a land-use priority. In: McShane T, Wells M (eds) Getting biodiversity projects to work. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 98–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusters K, Achdiawan R, Belcher B, Ruiz-Pérez M (2006) Balancing development and conservation? An assessment of livelihood and environmental outcomes of non-timber forest product trade in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Ecol Soc 11(2):20

    Google Scholar 

  • LaFrankie JV (1994) Population dynamics of some tropical trees that yield non-timber forest products. Econ Bot 48:301–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laird SA, McLain RJ, Wynberg R (eds) (2010) Wild product governance: finding policies that work for non-timber forest products. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence A (2003) No forest without timber? Int Forest Rev 5:87–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levang P, Dounias E, Sitorus S (2005) Out of the forest, out of poverty? For Trees Livelih 15:211–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Levang P, Sitorus S, Dounias E (2007) City life in the midst of the forest: a Punan hunter-gather’s vision of conservation and development. Ecol Soc 12(1):18, www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol21/iss1/art18 Cited 3 January 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Malleson R (1999) Community management of non-wood forest resources: a case study from the Korup Forest, Cameroon. In: Sunderland TCH, Clark LE, Vantomme P (eds) Non-wood forest products of Central Africa: current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO, Rome, pp 117–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall E, Newton AC, Schreckenberg K (2003) Commercialisation of non-timber forest products: first steps in analysing the factors influencing success. Int Forest Rev 5:128–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michon G (2005) NTFP development and poverty alleviation: is the policy context favourable? In: Pfund JL, Robinson P (eds) Non-timber forest products between poverty alleviation and market forces. Intercooperation, Bern, pp 20–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndam N, Tonye MM (2004) “Chop, but no broke pot”: the case of Prunus africana on Mount Cameroon. In: Sunderland TCH, Ndoye O (eds) Forest products, livelihoods and conservation: case studies of non-timber forest product systems. CIFOR, Bogor, pp 37–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Nepstad DC, Schwartzman S, (eds) (1992) Non-timber products from tropical forests: evaluation of a conservation and development strategy. Adv Econ Bot 9: 1–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann RP, Hirsch E (2000) Commercialisation of non-timber forest products: review and analysis of research. CIFOR, Bogor

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz EG (2002) Brazil nut (Bertholletia excela). In: Shanley P, Pierce AR, Laird SA, Guillen A (eds) Tapping the green market: certification and management of non-timber forest products. Earthscan, London, pp 61–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom E (2009) A general framework for analysing sustainability of socio-ecological systems. Science 325:419–422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panayotou T, Ashton P (1992) Not by timber alone: economics and ecology for sustaining tropical forests. Island, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Paumgarten F, Shackleton CM (2009) Wealth differentiation in household use and trade in non-timber forest products in South Africa. Ecol Econ 68:2950–2959

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters CM (1994) Sustainable harvest of non-timber plant resources in tropical moist forest: an ecological primer. Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters CM, Gentry A, Mendelsohn RO (1989) Valuation of an Amazonian rainforest. Nature 339:655–656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips O (1993) The potential for harvesting fruits in tropical rainforests: new data from Amazonian Peru. Biodivers Conserv 2:18–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plotkin M, Famolare L (eds) (1992) Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products. Conservation International. Island, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Prance GT (1992) Rainforest harvest: an overview. In: Counsell S, Rice T (eds) The rainforest harvest: sustainable strategies for saving the tropical forests. Friends of the Earth Trust, London, pp 21–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Prance GT (1998) Indigenous non-timber benefits from tropical rain forest. In: Goldsmith FB (ed) Tropical rain forest: a wider perspective. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 21–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Putz FE, Blate GM, Redford KH, Fimbel R, Robinson J (2001) Tropical forest management and conservation of biodiversity: an overview. Conserv Biol 15:7–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redford K (1992) The empty forest. BioScience 42:422–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redford K, Stearman AM (1993) Forest-dwelling native Amazonians and the conservation of biodiversity: interests in common or in collision? Conserv Biol 7:248–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards M (1993) The potential for non-timber forest products in sustainable forest management in Amazonia. Common For Rev 72:21–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues ASL, Andelman SJ, Bakarr MI, Boitani L, Brooks TM, Cowling RM, Fishpool LDC, da Fonseca GAB, Gaston KJ, Hoffmann M, Long JS, Marquet PA, Pilgrim JD, Pressey RL, Schipper J, Sechrest W, Stuart S, Underhill LG, Waller RW, Watts MEJ, Yan X (2004) Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428:640–643

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ros-Tonen MAF, Wiersum KF (2005) The scope for improving rural livelihoods though non-timber forest products: an evolving research agenda. For Trees Livelih 15:129–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Pérez M (2005) Poverty alleviation and forest conservation: the role of non-timber forest products. In: Pfund JL, Robinson P (eds) Non-timber forest products between poverty alleviation and market forces. Intercooperation, Bern, pp 8–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Sayer JA, Maginnis S (eds) (2005) Forests in landscapes: ecosystem approaches to sustainability. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt CB, Burgess ND, Coad L, Belokurov A, Besançon C, Boisrobert L, Campbell A, Fish L, Gliddon D, Humphries K, Kapos V, Loucks C, Lysenko I, Miles L, Mills C, Minnemeyer S, Pistorius T, Ravilious C, Steininger M, Winkel G (2009) Global analysis of the protection status of the world’s forests. Biol Conserv. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.012

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoones I, Melnyk M, Pretty JN (1992) The hidden harvest: wild foods and agricultural systems. International Institute for Environment and Development, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton CM, Shackleton SE, Buiten E, Bird N (2007) The importance of dry forests and woodlands in rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa. Forest Pol Econ 9:558–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanley P, Luz L, Swingland IR (2002) The promise of a distant market: a survey of Belém’s trade in non timber forest products. Biodivers Conserv 11:615–636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanley P, Pierce A, Laird S, Robinson D (2008) Beyond timber: certification and management of non-timber forest products. CIFOR, Bogor

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheil D, Wunder S (2002) The value of tropical forest to local communities; complications, caveats and cautions. Conserv Ecol 6(2):9, http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss2/art9 Cited 5 February 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Southgate D, Ritchie MC, Canelos PS (1996) Can tropical forests be saved by harvesting non-timber forest products? CSERGE Working Paper GEC 96-02, p 19

    Google Scholar 

  • Struhsaker TT (1998) A biologist’s perspective on the role of sustainable harvest in conservation. Conserv Biol 12(4):930–932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sunderland TCH, Dransfield J (2002) Rattan (various spp.). In: Shanley P, Pierce A, Laird S, Guillen A (eds) Tapping the green market; certification and management of non-timber forest products. London, Earthscan, pp 225–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunderland TCH, Harrison ST, Ndoye O (2004) Commercialisation of non-timber forest products in Africa: history, contexts and prospects, Vol. 2 – Africa. In: Sunderland TCH, Ndoye O (eds) Forest products, livelihoods and conservation: case studies of non-timber forest product systems. CIFOR, Bogor, pp 1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunderland TCH, Sunderland-Groves J, Shanley P, Campbell B (2009) Bridging the gap: how can information access and exchange between conservation biologists and field practitioners be improved for better conservation outcomes. Biotropica 41:559–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabuna H (1999) The markets for Central African non-wood forest products in Europe. In: Sunderland TCH, Clark LE Vantomme P (eds) Non-wood forest products of Central Africa: current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO, Rome, pp 251–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Ticktin T (2004) The ecological consequences of harvesting non-timber forest products. J Appl Ecol 41:11–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tovey H (2009) Sustainability: a platform for debate. Sustainability 1:14–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tu DV (2004) Extraction and trade of Cardamom (Amomum villosum) from Ba Be National Park, Vietnam. In: Kusters K, Belcher B (eds) Forest products, livelihoods and conservation: case studies of non-timber forest product systems, vol 1, Asia. CIFOR, Bogor, pp 107–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis KJ, Gillson L, Brnic TM (2004) How “virgin” is virgin rainforest? Science 304:402–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong JLG, Thornber K, Baker N (2001) Resource assessment of non wood forest products: experience and biometric principles, vol 13, NWFP Series. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan Harrison-Sanchez .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sunderland, T.C.H., Ndoye, O., Harrison-Sanchez, S. (2011). Non-timber Forest Products and Conservation: What Prospects?. In: Shackleton, S., Shackleton, C., Shanley, P. (eds) Non-Timber Forest Products in the Global Context. Tropical Forestry, vol 7. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17983-9_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics