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Weld Solidification Cracking in 304 to 304L Stainless Steel

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Book cover Hot Cracking Phenomena in Welds III

Abstract

A series of annulus welds were made between 304 and 304L stainless steel coaxial tubes using both pulsed laser beam welding (LBW) and pulsed gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). In this application, a change in process from pulsed LBW to pulsed gas tungsten arc welding was proposed to limit the possibility of weld solidification cracking since weldability diagrams developed for GTAW display a greater range of compositions that are not crack susceptible relative to those developed for pulsed LBW. Contrary to the predictions of the GTAW weldability diagram, cracking was found.This result was rationalized in terms of the more rapid solidification rate of the pulsed gas tungsten arc welds. In addition, for the pulsed LBW conditions, the material compositions were predicted to be, by themselves, “weldable” according to the pulsed LBW weldability diagram. However, the composition range along the tie line connecting the two compositions passed through the crack susceptible range. Microstructurally, the primary solidification mode (PSM) of the material processed with higher power LBW was determined to be austenite (A), while solidification mode of the materials processed with lower power LBW apparently exhibited a dual PSM of both austenite (A) and ferrite-austenite (FA) within the same weld. The materials processed by pulsed GTAW showed mostly primary austenite solidification, with some regions of either primary austenite-second phase ferrite (AF) solidification or primary ferrite-second phase austenite (FA) solidification. This work demonstrates that variations in crack susceptibility may be realized when welding different heats of “weldable” materials together, and that slight variations in processing can also contribute to crack susceptibility.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded under the auspices of the United States Department of Energy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, which is operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396. The authors would like to thank Dr. Paul Burgardt and Mr. John Milewski for many useful discussions. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Mark Paffett for his timely and insightful review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA

    P.W. Hochanadel, T.J. Lienert, J.N. Martinez, R.J. Martinez & M.Q. Johnson

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  1. P.W. Hochanadel
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  2. T.J. Lienert
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  3. J.N. Martinez
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  4. R.J. Martinez
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  5. M.Q. Johnson
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to P.W. Hochanadel .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Bundesanstalt für, Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin, 12205, Berlin, Germany

    Thomas Böllinghaus

  2. , Dept. of Industrial, Welding,, The Ohio State University, Arthur E. Adams Drive 1248, Columbus, 43221, Ohio, USA

    John Lippold

  3. Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Bundesanstalt für, Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin, 12205, Berlin, Germany

    Carl E. Cross

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Hochanadel, P., Lienert, T., Martinez, J., Martinez, R., Johnson, M. (2011). Weld Solidification Cracking in 304 to 304L Stainless Steel. In: Böllinghaus, T., Lippold, J., Cross, C. (eds) Hot Cracking Phenomena in Welds III. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16864-2_9

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