Skip to main content

Diseases of Asian Honeybees

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Honeybees of Asia

Abstract

Diseases of Asian honeybee species are largely an unexplored field. The low number of recorded pathogens probably reflects lack of investigation, and that feral populations of honeybees tend to have fewer disease problems than that of managed populations. Only two pathogens, possibly three, are reported to cause losses of colonies of Apis cerana. Thai sacbrood, a viral disease affecting the brood, is the most serious. European foulbrood, a bacterial brood disease, may also cause colony losses in A. cerana. Nosema ceranae, a fungal pathogen of adult A. cerana, is common, but may on occasion also induce colony losses. The pathogens mentioned are probably infective across all Asian honeybee species. More research on pathogens from Asian honeybee species is warranted to prevent losses from disease in these bees and to identify possible threats from the interspecific transmission of pathogens.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen M, Ball B (1996) The incidence and world distribution of honeybee viruses. Bee World 77:141–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen MF, Ball BV, Underwood BA (1990) An Isolate of Melissococcus pluton from Apis laboriosa. J Invertebr Pathol 55:439–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson DL (1995) Viruses of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera. In: Kevan PG (ed) The Asiatic hive bee: apiculture, biology, and role in sustainable development in tropical and subtropical Asia. Enviroquest, Cambridge, Ontario, pp 161–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson DL (1989) Mites and pathogens of the European honeybee Apis mellifera and the Eastern hive bee Apis cerana in Papua New Guinea. Entomology Division, DSIR, Auckland, p 76

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronstein KA, Murray KD (2010) Chalkbrood disease in honeybees. J Invertebr Pathol 103:S20–S29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey L (1956) Aetiology of European foulbrood; a disease of the larval honeybee. Nature 178:1130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey L (1974) Unusual type of Streptococcus pluton from eastern hive bee. J Invertebr Pathol 23:246–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey L (1983) Melissococcus pluton, the cause of European foulbrood of honeybees (Apis spp.). J Appl Bacteriol 55:65–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey L, Ball BV (1978) Apis iridescent virus and clustering disease of Apis cerana. J Invertebr Pathol 31:368–371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey L, Ball BV (1991) Honeybee pathology, 2nd edn. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey L, Woods RD (1977) Two more small Rna viruses from honeybees and further observations on sacbrood and acute bee paralysis viruses. J Gen Virol 37:175–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey L, Ball BV, Woods RD (1976) An iridovirus from bees. J Gen Virol 31:459–461

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey L, Carpenter JM, Woods RD (1982) A strain of sacbrood virus from Apis cerana. J Invertebr Pathol 39:264–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey L, Ball BV, Perry JN (1983) Association of viruses with two protozoal pathogens of the honeybee. Ann Appl Biol 103:13–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belloy L, Imdorf A, Fries I, Forsgren E, Berthoud H, Kuhn R, Charrière J-D (2007) Spatial distribution of Melissococcus plutonius in adult honeybees collected from apiaries and colonies with and without symptoms of European foulbrood. Apidologie 38:136–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Böttcher FK, Hirschfelder H, Mautz D, Weiss K (1973) Die Tätigkeit der Bayerischen Landesanstalt für Bienenzucht in Erlangen im Jahre 1972. Imkerfreund 28:74–84, in German

    Google Scholar 

  • Böttcher FK, Mautz D, Weiss K (1974) Die Tätigkeit der Bayerischen Landesanstalt für Bienenzucht in Erlangen im Jahre 1973. Imkerfreund 29:70–80, in German

    Google Scholar 

  • Böttcher FK, Mautz D, Weiss K (1975) Die Tätigkeit der Bayerischen Landesanstalt für Bienenzucht in Erlangen im Jahre 1974. Imkerfreund 30:75–85, in German

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen-Walker PL, Martin SJ, Gunn A (1999) The transmission of deformed wing virus between honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. J Invertebr Pathol 73:101–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bull JJ, Molineux IJ, Rice WR (1991) Selection of benevolence in a host-parasite system. Evolution 45:875–882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camazine S (1989) Beekeeping in South Korea. Bee World 70:66–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Canning EU (1982) An evaluation of protozoal characteristics in relation to biological control of pests. Parasitology 84:119–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YP, Evans JD, Zhou L, Boncristiani H, Kimura K, Xiao TG, Litkowski AM, Pettis JS (2009) Asymmetrical coexistence of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in honeybees. J Invertebr Pathol 101:204–209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y-W, Wang C-H, An J, Ho K-K (2000) Susceptibility of the Asian honeybee, Apis cerana, to American foulbrood, Paenibacillus larvae larvae. J Apic Res 39:169–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinh PH (1998) Tai sac brood virus disease control in Vietnam. In: Proceedings of 4th Asian apicultural association international conference, Katmandu, pp 57–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Dainat B, Ken T, Berthoud H, Neumann P (2009) The ectoparasitic mite Tropilaelaps mercedesae (Acari, Laelapidae) as a vector of honeybee viruses. Insectes Soc 56:40–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deodikar GB, Ghatge AL, Phadke RP, Mahindre DB, Kshirsagar KK, Muvel S, Thakar SS (1977) Nesting behaviour of Indian honeybees. III. Nesting behaviour of Apis dorsata. Indian Bee J 39:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Diwan VV, Kshirsag KK, Rao AVR, Raghunat D, Bhambure CS, Godbole SH (1971) Occurrence of a new bacterial disease of Indian honeybees Apis indica F. Curr Sci 40:196–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong BY, Fang YZ, Zhang GC, Guo ZQ, Liu LS (1984) Study of the sacbrood virus. Bee Cult China 3:6–8, in Chinese

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsgren E, de Miranda JR, Isaksson M, Shi W, Fries I (2009) Deformed wing virus associated with Tropilaelaps mercedesae infesting European honeybees (Apis mellifera). Exp Appl Acarol 47:87–97

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fries I (1997) Protozoa. In: Morse RA, Flottum K (eds) Honeybee pests, predators and diseases. A.I. Root, Medina, Ohio, pp 59–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries I (2010) Nosema ceranae in European honeybees (Apis mellifera). J Invertebr Pathol 103:S73–S79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fries I, Camazine S (2001) Implications of horizontal and vertical pathogen transmission for honeybee epidemiology. Apidologie 32:199–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fries I, Feng F (1995) Cross-infectivity of Nosema apis in Apis mellifera and Apis cerana. In: Proceedings of 34th Apimondia international apicultural congress, Lausanne, pp 151–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries I, Feng F, da Silva A, Slemenda SB, Pieniazek NJ (1996) Nosema ceranae n. sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae), morphological and molecular characterization of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian honeybee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Eur J Protistol 32:356–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries I, Lindström A, Korpela S (2006) Vertical transmission of American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae) in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Vet Microbiol 114:269–274

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Genersch E, Ashiralieva A, Fries I (2005) Strain- and genotype-specific differences in virulence of Paenibacillus larvae subsp larvae, a bacterial pathogen causing American foulbrood disease in honeybees. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:7551–7555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Genersch E, Forsgren E, Pentikainen J, Ashiralieva A, Rauch S, Kilwinski J, Fries I (2006a) Reclassification of Paenibacillus larvae subsp pulvifaciens and Paenibacillus larvae subsp larvae as Paenibacillus larvae without subspecies differentiation. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:501–511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Genersch E, Yue C, Fries I, de Miranda JR (2006b) Detection of deformed wing virus, a honeybee viral pathogen, in bumble bees (Bombus terrestris and Bombus pascuorum) with wing deformities. J Invertebr Pathol 91:61–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilliam M, Lorenz BJ, Prest DB, Camazine S (1993) Ascosphaera apis from Apis cerana from South Korea. J Invertebr Pathol 61:111–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilliam M, Lorenz BJ, Buchmann SL (1994) Ascosphaera apis, the chalkboard pathogen of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, from larvae of a carpenter bee, Xylocopa californica arizonensis. J Invertebr Pathol 63:307–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin RM, Houten TA, Perry JH (1994) Incidence of American foulbrood infections in feral honeybee colonies in New Zealand. NZ J Zool 21:285–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen H, Brødsgaard C (1999) American foulbrood: a review of its biology, diagnosis and control. Bee World 80:5–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen H, Brødsgaard CJ, Kryger P, Nicolaisen M (2003) A scientific note on the presence of Paenibacillus larvae larvae spores in sub-Saharan African honey. Apidologie 34:471–472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herre EA (1993) Population structure and the evolution of virulence in nematode parasites of fig wasps. Science 259:1442–1445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hornitzky M, Oldroyd BP, Somerville D (1996) Bacillus larvae carrier status of swarms and feral colonies of honeybees (Apis mellifera) in Australia. Aust Vet J 73:116–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Higes M, Martín R, Meana A (2006) Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe. J Invertebr Pathol 92:93–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klee J, Besana AM, Genersch E, Gisder S, Nanetti A, Dinh Quyet T, Tong Xuan C, Puerta F, Ruz JM, Kryger P, Message D, Hatjina F, Korpela S, Fries I, Paxton RJ (2007) Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honeybee, Apis mellifera. J Invertebr Pathol 96:1–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson R (1986) Ultrastructure, function, and classification of Microsporidia. Progr Protistol 1:325–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Lian CZ (1980) Nosema disease in honeybee (Apis cerana cerana). Apic China 4:15–16, in Chinese

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsitch M, Herre EA, Nowak MA (1995a) Host population structure and the evolution of virulence: a “law of diminishing returns”. Evolution 49:743–748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsitch M, Nowak MA, Ebert D, May RM (1995b) The population dynamics of vertically and horizontally transmitted parasites. Proc R Soc Lond B 260:321–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsitch M, Siller S, Nowak MA (1996) The evolution of virulence in pathogens with vertical and horizontal transmission. Evolution 50:1729–1741

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning R, Lancaster K, Rutkay A, Eaton L (2007) Survey of feral honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies for Nosema apis in Western Australia. Aust J Exp Agric 47:883–886

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moritz RFA, Southwick EE (1992) Bees as superorganisms. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse RA, Flottum K (eds) (1997) Honeybee pests, predators and diseases. A.I Root, Medina, Ohio

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldroyd BP, Wongsiri S (2006) Asian honeybees. Harvard University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ongus JR, Peters D, Bonmatin JM, Bengsch E, Vlak JM, van Oers MM (2004) Complete sequence of a picorna-like virus of the genus Iflavirus replicating in the mite Varroa destructor. J Gen Virol 85:3747–3755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roetschi A, Berthoud H, Kuhn R, Imdorf A (2008) Infection rate based on quantitative real-time PCR of Melissococcus plutonius, the causal agent of European foulbrood, in honeybee colonies before and after apiary sanitation. Apidologie 39:362–371

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose JB, Christensen M, Wilson WT (1984) Ascosphaera species inciting chalkbrood in North America and taxonomic key. Mycotaxon 19:41–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Sina M, Alastair G, Farmer M, Andersen R, Anderson O, Barta J, Bowser S, Brugerolle G, Fensome R, Fredericq S, James T, Karpov S, Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane C, Lewis L, Lodge J, Lynn D, Mann D, Maccourt R, Mendoza L, Moestrup O, Mozley S, Nerad T, Shearer C, Smirnov A, Spiegel F, Taylor M (2005) The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 52:399–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S (1961) Appearance of American foulbrood disease in Indian honeybee (Apis cerana indica Fabr.). Indian Bee J 27:46–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh Y (1975) Nosema in Indian honeybee (Apis cerana indica). Am Bee J 115:59

    Google Scholar 

  • Spivak M, Gilliam M (1998) Hygienic behaviour of honeybees and its application for control of brood diseases and varroa. Part I. Hygienic behaviour and resistance to American foulbrood. Bee World 79:124–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner PE, Cooper VS, Lenski RE (1998) Trade-off between horizontal and vertical modes of transmission in bacterial plasmids. Evolution 52:315–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verma LR, Rana BS, Verma S (1990) Observations on Apis cerana colonies surviving from Thai sacbrood infestations. Apidologie 21:169–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins S, Brown M, Andrew A, Cuthbertson GS (2007) The incidence of honeybee pests and diseases in England and Wales. Pest Manag Sci 63:1062–1068

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yakobson B, Pothichot S, Wongsiri S (1992) Possible transfer of Nosema apis from Apis mellifera to Apis cerana. In: Proceedings of international conference on asian honeybees bee mites, Bangkok, p 97

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan X, Chen JH, Han RC (2009) Detection of Chinese Sacbrood Virus (CSBV) in Apis cerana by RT-PCR Method. Sociobiology 53:687–694

    Google Scholar 

  • Zander E (1909) Tierische Parasiten als Krankenheitserreger bei der Biene. Münch Bienenztg 31:196–204, in German

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ingemar Fries .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fries, I. (2011). Diseases of Asian Honeybees. In: Hepburn, H., Radloff, S. (eds) Honeybees of Asia. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16422-4_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics