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Blutgruppen: Alloantigene auf Erythrozyten

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Transfusionsmedizin und Immunhämatologie

Zusammenfassung

Die erythrozytären Antigene und die gegen sie gerichteten Autound Alloantikörper sind der bedeutendste Teilbereich der Immunhämatologie, die sich auf die klinischen Aspekte von Auto- und Alloantikörpern gegen Blutzellen im Allgemeinen bezieht. Die anderen Teilbereiche werden in separaten Kapiteln behandelt und betreffen die Antigene auf Granulozyten und auf Thrombozyten sowie die besonders vielfältige und klinisch wichtige Gruppe von Antigenen der Leukozyten, die durch das HLA-System beschrieben wird. Immunhämatologisch relevante erythrozytäre Antigene befinden sich auf Molekülen der Erythrozytenmembran und werden wegen ihrer erheblichen klinischen Bedeutung mit großem Aufwand wissenschaftlich untersucht. 308 Antigene sind durch Serologie und molekulare Methoden charakterisiert. Ein wesentlicher Teil des Verständnisses wurde erst seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre gewonnen. Aufgrund aktueller Erkenntnisse gibt es auch in jüngster Zeit immer wieder Anpassungen der Routine-Typisierungsverfahren. Die allermeisten der Antigene sind molekular definiert und können unterschiedlichen Funktionen wie Membrantransportern, Komplementregulatoren, Adhäsionsmolekülen und Ektoenzymen zugeordnet werden. Im Jahr 2009 sind 30 Blutgruppensysteme, 6 Kollektionen und je eine Serie von Antigenen mit seltenem bzw. häufigem Vorkommen in der Bevölkerung definiert. Die Genotypisierung von Blutgruppen wird bereits in der Pränataldiagnostik eingesetzt und wird in Zukunft sicher eine noch breitere Anwendung finden. Molekulare und funktionale Untersuchungen von Blutgruppenantigenen stellen eine Grundlage für eine kosteneffiziente Transfusionsmedizin dar und tragen darüber hinaus erheblich zum Verständnis der Biologie der Erythrozytenmembran und genetischer Polymorphismen des Menschen bei.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, 20892-1184, Bethesda MD, United States of America

    Prof. Dr. W. A. Flegel

  2. DRK-Blutspendedienst NSTOB, Zentralinstitut Springe, Eldagsener Str. 38, 31830, Springe

    PD Dr. F. F. Wagner

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  1. Prof. Dr. W. A. Flegel
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  1. Abteilung für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Rostock AöR, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock

    Volker Kiefel

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Flegel, W.A., Wagner, F.F. (2010). Blutgruppen: Alloantigene auf Erythrozyten. In: Kiefel, V., Mueller-Eckhardt, C. (eds) Transfusionsmedizin und Immunhämatologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12765-6_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12765-6_11

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