Abstract
Ruqian Lu first presented the notion of knowware in 2005 through his IEEE Intelligent Systems paper entitled “From hardware to software to knowware: IT’s third liberation?”. He further elaborated the notion in the book “Kowware, the third star after hardware and software”, published in 2007 by Polimetrica. Lu defines knowware as an independent and commercialized knowledge module that is computer operable, but free of any built-in control mechanism (in particular, not bund to any software), meeting some industrial standards and embeddable in software and/or hardware. Lu proposes to separate knowledge from software, and that knowware, software and hardware should be considered as three equally important underpinnings of IT industry.
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© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Bell, D., Jiang, Y., Lu, R., Su, K., Zhang, S. (2009). Knowware: The Third Star after Hardware and Software. In: Karagiannis, D., Jin, Z. (eds) Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management. KSEM 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 5914. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10488-6_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10488-6_3
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