Abstract
The paper presents empirical studies of kinematic and kinetic signature characteristics. In contrast to previous studies a more in-depth analysis is performed which reveals insides on differences and similarities of authentic and mimicked signing movements. It is shown that the signing behavior of genuine writers and impostors is only likely to differ in terms of local characteristics. Global characteristics can easily be imitated by skilled forgers. Moreover, it is shown that authentic writing characteristics cover a broad value range that might interfere with value ranges of unsophisticated forgeries. In our experiments signing behavior of 55 authentic writers and of 32 writers mimicking signature samples with three different levels of graphical complexity is studied. We discuss implications for ink-trace characteristics on paper and provide recommendations for implementing computer-based analysis methods.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Franke, K.: The Influence of Physical and Biomechanical Processes on the Ink Trace - Methodological foundations for the forensic analysis of signatures. PhD thesis, Artifical Instelligence Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands (2005)
Schomaker, L., Plamondon, R.: The relation between pen force and pen point kinematics in handwriting. Biological Cybernetics 63, 277–289 (1990)
van Galen, G.: Handwriting: Issues for a psychomotor theory. Human Movement Science 10 (1991)
Smyth, M., Silvers, G.: Functions of vision in the control of handwriting. Acta Psychologica 65, 47–64 (1987)
van Galen, G., van Gemmert, A.: Kinematic and dynamic features of forging another person’s handwriting. Journal of Forensic Document Examination 9, 1–25 (1996)
Conrad, W.: Empirische Untersuchungen zur Differentialdiagnose zwischen verschiedenen Unterschriftsgattungen. Zeitschrift für Menschenkunde 35, 195–222 (1971) (in German)
Found, B.: The Forensic Analysis of Behavioural Artefacts: Investigations of Theoretical and Analytical Approaches to Handwriting Identification. PhD thesis, LaTrobe University Bundoora (1997)
Halder-Sinn, P., Funsch, K.: Die Diagnose von Haltepunkten - Mehr als ein blosses Ratespiel? Mannheimer Hefte für Schriftenvergleichung 22(3), 3–12 (1996) ( in German)
Leung, S., Cheng, Y., Fung, H., Poon, N.: Forgery I: Simulation. Journal of Forensic Sciences 38(2), 402–412 (1993)
Leung, S., Cheng, Y., Fung, H., Poon, N.: Forgery II: Tracing. Journal of Forensic Sciences 38(2), 413–424 (1993)
Thomassen, A., van Galen, G.: Temporal features of handwriting: Challenges for forensic analysis. In: Proc. 5th European Conference for Police and Handwriting Experts, The Hague, The Netherlands (1996)
van Gemmert, A., van Galen, G., Hardy, H.: Dynamical features of disguised handwriting. In: Proc. 5th European Conference for Police and Handwriting Experts, The Hague, The Netherlands (1996)
van Gemmert, A., van Galen, G.: Dynamic features of mimicking another person’s writing and signature. In: Simner, M., Leedham, C., Thomassen, A. (eds.) Handwriting and drawing research: Basic and applied issues, pp. 459–471. IOS Press, Amsterdam (1996)
van den Heuvel, C., van Galen, G., Teulings, H., van Gemmert, A.: Axial pen force increases with processing demands in handwriting. Acta Psychologica 100, 145–159 (1998)
van Gemmert, A.: The effects of mental load and stress on the dynamics of fine motor tasks. PhD thesis, Catholic University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (1997)
Beenders, M.: On-line and off-line signature verification techniques from a psychomotor perspective. Master’s thesis, Catholic University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (2003)
van Galen, G., van Doorn, R., Schomaker, L.: Effects of motor programming on the power spectral density function of finger and wrist movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16, 755–765 (1990)
Baier, P.: Schreibdruckmessung in Schriftpsychologie und Schriftvergleichung - Entwicklung und experimentelle Überprüfung neuer Registrierungsverfahren (1980) (in German)
Deinet, W., Linke, M., Rieger, B.: Analyse der Schreibdynamik. Technical report, Bundeskriminalamt Wiesbaden, Thaerstraße, Wiesbaden, Germany, vol. 11, p. 65193 (1987) (in German)
Plamondon, R., Lorette, G.: Automatic signature verification and writer identification - the state of the art. Pattern Recognition 22, 107–131 (1989)
Maus, E.: Schriftdruckmessung: Grundlagen, Methoden, Instrumente. Sciptura, Lothar Michel Weinheim Bergstraße (1996) (in German)
Doermann, D., Rosenfeld, A.: Recovery of temporal information from static images of handwriting. In: Proc. of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 162–168 (1992)
Doermann, D., Rosenfeld, A.: The interpretation and recognition of interfering strokes. In: Proc. International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR), Tajon, Korea, pp. 41–50 (1993)
Schomaker, L., Bulacu, M., Erp, M.: Sparse-parametric writer identification using heterogeneous feature groups. In: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 545–548 (2003)
Franke, K., Rose, S.: Ink-deposition model: The relation of writing and ink deposition processes. In: Proc. 9th International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR), Tokyo, Japan, pp. 173–178 (2004)
Blankers, V.L., van den Heuvel, C.E., Franke, K., Vuurpijl, L.: The ICDAR 2009 signature verification competition with On- and Offline Skilled Forgeries (2009), http://sigcomp09.arsforenscia.org
Franke, K., Schomaker, L., Veenhuis, C., Taubenheim, C., Guyon, I., Vuurpijl, L., van Erp, M., Zwarts, G.: WANDA: A generic framework applied in forensic handwriting analysis and writer identification. In: Abraham, A., Köppen, M., Franke, K. (eds.) Design and Application of Hybrid Intelligent Systems, Proc. 3rd International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS 2003), pp. 927–938. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2003)
Blankers, V.L., van den Heuvel, C.E., Franke, K., Vuurpijl, L.: The icdar 2009 signature verification competition (sigcomp 2009). In: Proc. 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, (ICDAR 2009) (2009) (in press)
Alewijnse, L.C., van den Heuvel, C.E., Stoel, R., Franke, K.: Analysis of signature complexity. In: Proc. 14th Conference of the International Graphonomics Society (IGS 2009) (2009) (in press)
Brault, J., Plamondon, R.: A complexity measure of handwritten curves: Modeling of dynamic signature forgery. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 23, 400–413 (1993)
Hecker, M.: Forensische Handschriftenuntersuchung. Kriminalistik Verlag (1993) (in German)
Michel, L.: Gerichtliche Schriftvergleichung. De Gruyter (1982) (in German)
Wacom Co. Ltd.: (2003), http://www.wacom.com/
Franke, K., Schomaker, L.: Pen orientation characteristics of on-line handwritten signatures. In: Teulings, H., van Gemmert, A. (eds.) Proc. 11th Conference of the International Graphonomics Society (IGS), Scottsdale, Arizona, USA, pp. 224–227 (2003)
Shiavi, R.: Introduction to Applied Statistical Signal Analysis. Academic Press, San Diego (1999)
Chen, C.: Digital Signal Processing - Spectral Computation and Filter Design. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2001)
Dolfing, H.: Handwriting Recognition and Verification: A Hidden Markov Approach. PhD thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (1998)
Schmidt, C.: On-line Unterschriftenanalyse zur Benutzerverifikation. PhD thesis, RWTH Aachen University (1998) (in German)
Wirtz, B.: Segmentorientierte Analyse und nichtlineare Auswertung für die dynamische Unterschriftsverifikation. PhD thesis, Technische Universität München (1998) (in German)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Franke, K. (2009). Analysis of Authentic Signatures and Forgeries. In: Geradts, Z.J.M.H., Franke, K.Y., Veenman, C.J. (eds) Computational Forensics. IWCF 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5718. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03521-0_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03521-0_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-03520-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-03521-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)