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Signal Transduction: Pathways, Mechanisms and Diseases pp 101–118Cite as

Insulin Signaling in Normal and Diabetic Conditions

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Abstract

The mechanisms and consequences of insulin signaling depend on the tissue and the model observed. In skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue, considered as “insulin-sensitive” tissues, insulin is primarily involved in acute metabolism regulation such as glucose uptake via translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane. In the central nervous system (CNS), insulin exerts acute modulation of hypothalamic functions related to food consumption, and tonic effects in regions protected by the blood-retinal barrier, such as neuronal survival and synapse activity. Insulin receptor splice variant expression, glycosylation pattern of receptor proteins, and formation of hybrid receptors further modulate insulin actions.

This chapter reviews insulin signaling in the classical insulin-sensitive tissues, and the emerging studies on the role of insulin in the CNS, particularly the retina.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Ophthalmology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, 17033, PA, USA

    Patrice E. Fort, Hisanori Imai & Thomas W. Gardner

  2. Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Raju Rajala

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  1. Patrice E. Fort
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  2. Hisanori Imai
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  3. Raju Rajala
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  4. Thomas W. Gardner
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Correspondence to Thomas W. Gardner .

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  1. Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, DHE 423, Rochester, 48309, USA

    Ari Sitaramayya

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Fort, P.E., Imai, H., Rajala, R., Gardner, T.W. (2010). Insulin Signaling in Normal and Diabetic Conditions. In: Sitaramayya, A. (eds) Signal Transduction: Pathways, Mechanisms and Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02112-1_6

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