Zusammenfassung
Die weite Palette von Technologien, welche sich mit Strukturen und Prozessen auf der Nanometerskala befassen, wird summarisch als Nanotechnologie bezeichnet. Diese wird, wegen ihres Potentials zur grundlegenden Veränderung ganzer Forschungsfelder, als Schlüsseltechnologie angesehen, welche in naher Zukunft nicht nur die technologische Entwicklung beeinflussen, sondern auch maßgebliche ökonomische, ökologische und soziale Fortschritte mit sich bringen wird. Charakteristisch beim Übergang auf die Nanometerskala ist, neben der zunehmenden Dominanz quantenphysikalischer Effekte, dass Oberflächen- bzw. Grenzflächeneigenschaften gegenüber den Volumeneigenschaften des Materials eine immer größere Rolle spielen [1]. Nanostrukturen können in verschiedene Kategorien gegliedert werden. Basisstrukturen bilden sogenannte Nanopartikel, welche in allen drei Raumrichtungen kleiner als 100 nm sind (z. B. Nanokristalle, Cluster, oder Moleküle) und somit als nulldimensionale Nanoelemente angesehen werden können. Desweiteren gibt es linienförmige, gleichsam eindimensionale Strukturen (z. B. Nanodrähte, Nanoröhren und Nanofasern), sowie Schichtstrukturen, welche als zweidimensional betrachtet werden können [1, 2]. Für die Herstellung von Nanofasern gibt es viele unterschiedliche Verfahren, eines der vielseitigsten und variabelsten stellt dabei die Methode des Electrospinnings dar. Das bereits in den 30er Jahren durch Antonin Formhals patentierte Verfahren [3–8] geriet lange Zeit in Vergessenheit. Erst Mitte der 90er Jahre begannen Forscher, das große Potential dieses Prozesses für die Herstellung von Nanofasern zu realisieren [9]. Mittels Electrospinning können Fasern aus Polymeren, Kompositmaterialien, Halbleitern sowie Keramiken hergestellt werden. Da als meist verwendetes Material Polymere eingesetzt werden [10], beziehen sich die folgenden Abschnitte auf diesen Werkstoff.
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Laar, N., Köppl, S., Wintermantel, E. (2009). Electrospinning. In: Wintermantel, E., Ha, SW. (eds) Medizintechnik. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-93936-8_19
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