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Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soil

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Advances in Applied Bioremediation

Part of the book series: Soil Biology ((SOILBIOL,volume 17))

Abstract

Bioremediation, whether carried out by stimulated indigenous organisms or added organisms, is potentially less costly and less environmentally disruptive than many physical or chemical methods of remediation. In some cases, natural attenuation may be the strategy of choice for site management; transformation by the natural microflora is usually an important, if not dominant mechanism of natural attenuation.

An assessment of the feasibility of bioremediation as an approach to the cleanup of contaminated soils and sediments (hereafter, collectively referred to as soils), or the choice of natural attenuation, requires a comprehensive understanding of both the biology and soil matrix effects. Biology refers to the intrinsic ability of the biota to assimilate and metabolize the contaminant. Matrix effects include the ways in which biodegradation is influenced by the interactions of the soil with the biota and the contaminants. Bacteria in soils are predominantly attached to soil particles, and so will be constrained by this attachment and by the physico-chemical properties of the surface. Contaminants interact with soils in complex ways through sorption and mass transfer resistance that generally impede their availability to organisms.

The focus of this chapter is on the processes and geochemical conditions that influence the bioavailability of organic contaminants in the soil matrix to microorganisms. To some degree, the principles discussed will apply to plants as contaminant removers in phytoremediation, but much less information is available on this subject. In the broader context, bioavailability is important in deciding “how clean is clean” — that is, in deciding what level of contaminant is protective of humans or other organisms determined to warrant protection (Linz and Nakles 1997). The chapter is meant to be a perspective of the author rather than an exhaustive review of the topic. It will be concerned only with compounds, or their fractions, that undergo physisorption to soil components — interactions involving the weak forces of dispersion, dipolar interactions and hydrogen bonding. It thus excludes compounds or their fractions that chemisorb through covalent or coordination bonding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, 06504-1106, USA

    Joseph J. Pignatello

  2. Chemical Engineering Department, Yale University Mason Laboratory, New Haven, CT, 06520-8286, USA

    Joseph J. Pignatello

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  1. Joseph J. Pignatello
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Correspondence to Joseph J. Pignatello .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Biology, University of Waterloo, University Avenue W. 200, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada

    A. Singh

  2. Fac. Inter-Disciplinary &, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India

    Ramesh C. Kuhad

  3. Dept. Biology, University of Waterloo, University Avenue W. 200, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada

    Owen P. Ward

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Pignatello, J.J. (2009). Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soil. In: Singh, A., Kuhad, R., Ward, O. (eds) Advances in Applied Bioremediation. Soil Biology, vol 17. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89621-0_3

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