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Planar-Waveguide Interferometers for Chemical Sensing

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Optical Guided-wave Chemical and Biosensors I

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors ((SSSENSORS,volume 7))

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Abstract

Interferometry is an optical technique that compares the differences experienced by two light beams traveling along similar paths. Planar waveguides have evanescent fields sensitive to changes in the index of refraction in the volume immediately above the waveguide surface. Placing a chemically sensitive film within this region provides the basis for chemical sensing. Film–analyte interactions change the index of refraction, causing the propagating light speed or phase to change in a direction of opposite sign to that of the index change. To measure this change, a reference propagating beam, which is adjacent to the sensing beam, is combined optically with the sensing beam, thus creating an interference pattern of alternating dark and light fringes. When chemical or physical changes occur in the sensing arm, the interference pattern shifts, producing a sinusoidal output. Waveguides and interferometers come in a variety of designs, but all rely on the evanescent field interacting with a chemically selective film to produce a measured response. The sensing mechanism can be passive (a physical change) or active (reactive sites in the film). Through a judicious choice of sensing films, interferometers can be designed to detect a wide variety of chemical and biological materials. Multi-interferometer devices with several different sensing films can be used to detect and identify a variety of different chemical or biological analytes either through specific sensing chemistry or through analysis of patterned response from an array of different films.

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Abbreviations

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

TM:

Transverse magnetic

TE:

Transverse electric

ARROW:

Anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide

Teflon AF® :

Teflon amorphous fluoropolymer – Dupont trademark

HEPES:

(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) buffer

TCE:

Trichloroethylene

DCE:

1,2-dichloroethylene

VC:

Vinyl chloride

TNT:

2,4,6-trinitrotoluene

BTEB:

Bis(trimethoxysilylethyl)benzene

IMTS:

Iodotrimethylsilane

SAW:

Surface acoustic wave

SWG:

Super white glass

TATP:

Triacetone triperoxide

TIR:

Total internal reflection

Ï•:

Phase

n :

Refractive index

n c :

Cover refractive index

n s :

Substrate refractive index

n f :

Waveguide film refractive index

n eff :

Effective mode index

n o :

Ordinary refractive index of birefringent material

λ:

Wavelength

L:

Pathlength

W eff :

Effective waveguide thickness

m:

Mode number

z c :

Lateral phase shift in the cover

z s :

Lateral phase shift in the substrate

β :

Propagation constant

Λ :

Fringe period

Tg:

Glass transition temperature

pKa:

Acidity constant

dn/dT :

Refractive index change with change in temperature

χc :

Optical beam's penetration in the cover

χs :

Optical beam's penetration in the substrate

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Georgia Tech Research Institute, 925 Dalney Street, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0810, Georgia

    Daniel P. Campbell

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  1. Daniel P. Campbell
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Correspondence to Daniel P. Campbell .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. GDG Environnement Ltée, rue St-Laurent, 2e étage 430, Trois-Rivieres, G8T 6H3, Canada

    Mohammed Zourob

  2. Dept. Engineering Science &, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, U.S.A.

    Akhlesh Lakhtakia

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Campbell, D.P. (2010). Planar-Waveguide Interferometers for Chemical Sensing. In: Zourob, M., Lakhtakia, A. (eds) Optical Guided-wave Chemical and Biosensors I. Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, vol 7. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88242-8_3

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